Taiwan - Wikipedia

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. It shares maritime borders with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the ... Taiwan FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CountryinEastAsia "RepublicofChina"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTaiwan(disambiguation)andRepublicofChina(disambiguation). Coordinates:24°N121°E/24°N121°E/24;121 RepublicofChina中華民國 (Chinese)[I]ZhōnghuáMínguó(Pinyin) Flag Emblem Anthem: 中華民國國歌ZhōnghuáMínguóguógē"NationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Flaganthem: 中華民國國旗歌ZhōnghuáMíngúoGúoqígē"NationalFlagAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalseal中華民國之璽"SealoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalflower梅花PlumblossomShowglobe(islandofTaiwanhighlighted)ShowmapofterritoriesadministeredbytheROC(FreeArea)ShowmapofTaiwan(darkgreen)withhistoricalROCterritorialclaims(lightgreen)CapitalTaipei[a][2]25°04′N121°31′E/25.067°N121.517°E/25.067;121.517LargestcityNewTaipeiOfficial languagesStandardChinese[b][5][6][7]OfficialscriptTraditionalChinese[8]Nationallanguages[d]Formosan[9]Hakka[10]Hokkien[c]Mandarin[c]Matsu[c]Wuqiu[c]TaiwanSignLanguageEthnic groups>95%HanTaiwanese—70%Hoklo—14%Hakka—14%Waishengren2%Indigenous[12][e]Religion35.1%Buddhism33.0%Taoism18.7%Noreligion3.9%Christianity9.3%Others[13]Demonym(s)Taiwanese[13]GovernmentUnitarysemi-presidentialdemocraticrepublic• PresidentTsaiIng-wen• VicePresidentLaiChing-te• PremierSuTseng-chang• LegislativeYuanPresidentYuShyi-kun• ControlYuanPresidentChenChu• JudicialYuanPresidentHsuTzong-li• ExaminationYuanPresidentHuangJong-tsun LegislatureLegislativeYuanFormation• XinhaiRevolution10October1911• TookcontrolofTaiwanandthePescadores[f]25October1945• Constitutionadopted25December1947• Currentgovernmentestablished20May1948• GovernmentmovedtoTaipei7December1949• Cross-Straitrelationslegallydefined31July1992 Area• Total36,197 km2(13,976 sq mi)[14][13]Population• 2021estimate23,451,837[15](56th)• 2010 census23,123,866[16]• Density650/km2(1,683.5/sq mi)(10th)GDP (PPP)2021 estimate• Total$1.403 trillion[17](19th)• Percapita$56,959[17](13th)GDP (nominal)2021 estimate• Total$759.104 billion[17](21st)• Percapita$32,123[18](29th)Gini (2017) 34.1[19]mediumHDI (2019) 0.916[20]veryhigh · 23rdCurrencyNewTaiwandollar(NT$)(TWD)TimezoneUTC+8(NationalStandardTime)DateformatYYYY-MM-DDYYY-MM-DD(Minguocalendar)Mainselectricity110V–60Hz[g]DrivingsiderightCallingcode+886ISO3166codeTWInternetTLD.tw.台灣.台湾[21] Taiwan,[II]officiallytheRepublicofChina(ROC),[I][h]isacountryinEastAsia.[22][23][24][25]ItsharesmaritimeborderswiththePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)tothenorthwest,Japantothenortheast,andthePhilippinestothesouth.ThemainislandofTaiwan,formerlyknownasFormosa,hasanareaof35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi),withmountainrangesdominatingtheeasterntwo-thirdsandplainsinthewesternthird,whereitshighlyurbanisedpopulationisconcentrated.ThecapitalisTaipei,which,alongwithNewTaipeiandKeelung,formsthelargestmetropolitanareaofTaiwan.OthermajorcitiesincludeKaohsiung,Taichung,TainanandTaoyuan.With23.45 millioninhabitants,Taiwanisamongthemostdenselypopulatedcountriesintheworld. Austronesian-speakingancestorsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoplessettledtheislandaround6,000yearsago.Inthe17thcentury,large-scaleHanChineseimmigrationtowesternTaiwanbeganunderaDutchcolonyandcontinuedundertheKingdomofTungning.Theislandwasannexedin1683bytheQingdynastyofChina,andcededtotheEmpireofJapanin1895.TheRepublicofChina,whichhadoverthrowntheQingin1911,tookcontrolofTaiwanonbehalfoftheWorldWarIIAlliesfollowingthesurrenderofJapanin1945.TheresumptionoftheChineseCivilWarresultedintheROC'slossofmainlandChinatoforcesoftheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)andretreattoTaiwanin1949.ItseffectivejurisdictionhassincebeenlimitedtoTaiwanandnumeroussmallerislands. Intheearly1960s,Taiwanenteredaperiodofrapideconomicgrowthandindustrialisationcalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Inthelate1980sandearly1990s,theROCtransitionedfromaone-partymilitarydictatorshiptoamulti-partydemocracywithasemi-presidentialsystem.Taiwan'sexport-orientedindustrialeconomyisthe21st-largestintheworldbynominalGDP,and20th-largestbyPPPmeasures,withmajorcontributionsfromsteel,machinery,electronicsandchemicalsmanufacturing.Taiwanisadevelopedcountry,[26][27]ranking15thinGDPpercapita.Itisrankedhighlyintermsofpoliticalandcivilliberties,[28]education,healthcare[29]andhumandevelopment.[i][20] ThepoliticalstatusofTaiwaniscontentious.[33]TheROCnolongerrepresentsChinaasamemberoftheUnitedNations,afterUNmembersvotedin1971torecognizethePRCinstead.[34]Meanwhile,theROCcontinuedtoclaimtobethelegitimaterepresentativeofChinaanditsterritory,althoughthishasbeendownplayedsinceitsdemocratizationinthe1990s.TaiwanisclaimedbythePRC,whichrefusesdiplomaticrelationswithcountriesthatrecognisetheROC.Taiwanmaintainsofficialdiplomaticrelationswith14outof193UNmemberstatesandtheHolySee,[34][35][36]thoughmanyothersmaintainunofficialdiplomatictieswithTaiwanthroughrepresentativeofficesandinstitutionsthatfunctionasdefactoembassiesandconsulates.InternationalorganisationsinwhichthePRCparticipateseitherrefusetograntmembershiptoTaiwanorallowittoparticipateonlyonanon-statebasisundervariousnames.Domestically,themajorpoliticalcontentionisbetweenpartiesfavouringeventualChineseunificationandpromotingapan-ChineseidentitycontrastedwiththoseaspiringtoformalinternationalrecognitionandpromotingaTaiwaneseidentity,althoughbothsideshavemoderatedtheirpositionstobroadentheirappeal.[37][38] Contents 1Name 2History 2.1Earlysettlement(to1683) 2.2Qingrule(1683–1895) 2.3Japaneserule(1895–1945) 2.4RepublicofChina(1945–1949) 2.5RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) 2.5.1Martiallawera(1949–1987) 2.5.2Post-martiallawera(1987–present) 3Geography 3.1Climate 3.2Geology 4Politicalandlegalstatus 4.1RelationswiththePRC 4.2Foreignrelations 4.3Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations 4.4Domesticopinion 5Governmentandpolitics 5.1Constitution 5.2Majorcamps 5.3Nationalidentity 5.4Administrativedivisions 6Military 7Economy 8Transport 9Education 10Demographics 10.1Largestcitiesandcounties 10.2Ethnicgroups 10.3Languages 10.4Religion 10.5LGBT 11Publichealth 12Culture 12.1Arts 12.2Popularculture 12.3Sports 12.4Calendar 13Seealso 14Notes 14.1Wordsinnativelanguages 15References 15.1Citations 15.2Workscited 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks 17.1Overviewsanddata 17.2Governmentagencies Name Seealso:ChineseTaipei,NamesofChina,andChinaandtheUnitedNations VariousnamesfortheislandofTaiwanremaininuse,eachderivedfromexplorersorrulersduringaparticularhistoricalperiod.ThenameFormosa(福爾摩沙)datesfrom1542,whenPortuguesesailorssightedanunchartedislandandnoteditontheirmapsasIlhaFormosa("beautifulisland").[39][40]ThenameFormosaeventually"replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature"[attributionneeded][41]andremainedincommonuseamongEnglishspeakersintothe20thcentury.[42] Intheearly17thcentury,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyestablishedacommercialpostatFortZeelandia(modern-dayAnping,Tainan)onacoastalsandbarcalled"Tayouan",[43]aftertheirethnonymforanearbyTaiwaneseaboriginaltribe,possiblyTaivoanpeople,writtenbytheDutchandPortuguesevariouslyasTaiouwang,Tayowan,Teijoan,etc.[44]ThisnamewasalsoadoptedintotheChinesevernacular(inparticular,Hokkien,asPe̍h-ōe-jī:Tāi-oân/Tâi-oân)asthenameofthesandbarandnearbyarea(Tainan).Themodernword"Taiwan"isderivedfromthisusage,whichiswrittenindifferenttransliterations(大員,大圓,大灣,臺員,臺圓and臺窩灣)inChinesehistoricalrecords.Theareaoccupiedbymodern-dayTainanwasthefirstpermanentsettlementbybothEuropeancolonistsandChineseimmigrants.Thesettlementgrewtobetheisland'smostimportanttradingcentreandservedasitscapitaluntil1887. UseofthecurrentChinesename(臺灣/台灣)becameofficialasearlyas1684withtheestablishmentofTaiwanPrefecturewhichcentredinmodern-dayTainan.ThroughitsrapiddevelopmenttheentireFormosanmainlandeventuallybecameknownas"Taiwan".[45][46][47][48] InhisDaoyiZhilüe(1349),WangDayuanused"Liuqiu"asanamefortheislandofTaiwan,orthepartofitclosesttoPenghu.[49] Elsewhere,thenamewasusedfortheRyukyuIslandsingeneralorOkinawa,thelargestofthem;indeedthenameRyūkyūistheJapaneseformofLiúqiú.ThenamealsoappearsintheBookofSui(636)andotherearlyworks,butscholarscannotagreeonwhetherthesereferencesaretotheRyukyus,TaiwanorevenLuzon.[50] TheofficialnameofthecountryinEnglishisthe"RepublicofChina";ithasalsobeenknownundervariousnamesthroughoutitsexistence.ShortlyaftertheROC'sestablishmentin1912,whileitwasstilllocatedontheChinesemainland,thegovernmentusedtheshortform"China"(Zhōngguó(中國))torefertoitself,whichderivesfromzhōng("central"or"middle")andguó("state,nation-state"),[j]atermwhichalsodevelopedundertheZhoudynastyinreferencetoitsroyaldemesne,[k]andthenamewasthenappliedtotheareaaroundLuoyi(present-dayLuoyang)duringtheEasternZhouandthentoChina'sCentralPlainbeforebeingusedasanoccasionalsynonymforthestateduringtheQingera.[52] Duringthe1950sand1960s,aftertheROCgovernmenthadwithdrawntoTaiwanuponlosingtheChineseCivilWar,itwascommonlyreferredtoas"NationalistChina"(or"FreeChina")todifferentiateitfrom"CommunistChina"(or"RedChina").[54]ItwasamemberoftheUnitedNationsrepresentingChinauntil1971,whentheROClostitsseattothePeople'sRepublicofChina.Oversubsequentdecades,theRepublicofChinahasbecomecommonlyknownas"Taiwan",afterthemainisland.Insomecontexts,includingROCgovernmentpublications,thenameiswrittenas"RepublicofChina(Taiwan)","RepublicofChina/Taiwan",orsometimes"Taiwan(ROC)".[55][56][57] TheRepublicofChinaparticipatesinmostinternationalforumsandorganizationsunderthename"ChineseTaipei"asacompromisewiththePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).Forinstance,itisthenameunderwhichithasparticipatedintheOlympicGamesaswellastheWorldTradeOrganization.In2009,afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing,theROCparticipatedintheWorldHealthOrganizationforthefirsttimein38years,underthename"ChineseTaipei".[58]"Taiwanauthorities"issometimesusedbythePRCtorefertothecurrentgovernmentinTaiwan.[59] History Mainarticles:HistoryofTaiwanandHistoryoftheRepublicofChina SeetheHistoryofChinaarticleforhistoricalinformationinmainlandChinabefore1949. Earlysettlement(to1683) Mainarticles:PrehistoryofTaiwan,DutchFormosa,SpanishFormosa,KingdomofMiddag,andKingdomofTungning AyoungTsouman TaiwanwasjoinedtotheAsianmainlandintheLatePleistocene,untilsealevelsroseabout10,000yearsago.[60]Fragmentaryhumanremainsdated20,000to30,000yearsagohavebeenfoundontheisland,aswellaslaterartifactsofaPaleolithicculture.[61][62][63] Around6,000yearsago,Taiwanwassettledbyfarmers,mostlikelyfromwhatisnowsoutheastChina.[64] Theyarebelievedtobetheancestorsoftoday'sTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples,whoselanguagesbelongtotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,butshowmuchgreaterdiversitythantherestofthefamily,whichspansahugeareafromMaritimeSoutheastAsiawesttoMadagascarandeastasfarasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIsland.ThishasledlinguiststoproposeTaiwanastheurheimatofthefamily,fromwhichseafaringpeoplesdispersedacrossSoutheastAsiaandthePacificandIndianOceans.[65][66] HanChinesefishermenbegansettlinginthePenghuislandsinthe13thcentury.[67]Hostiletribes,andalackofvaluabletradeproducts,meantthatfewoutsidersvisitedthemainislanduntilthe16thcentury.[67]Duringthe16thcentury,visitstothecoastbyfishermenandtradersfromFujian,aswellasChineseandJapanesepirates,becamemorefrequent.[67] TheDutchEastIndiaCompanyattemptedtoestablishatradingoutpostonthePenghuIslands(Pescadores)in1622,butwasdrivenoffbyMingforces.[68] In1624,thecompanyestablishedastrongholdcalledFortZeelandiaonthecoastalisletofTayouan,whichisnowpartofthemainislandatAnping,Tainan.[48] WhentheDutcharrived,theyfoundsouthwesternTaiwanalreadyfrequentedbyamostly-transientChinesepopulationnumberingcloseto1,500.[69]DavidWright,aScottishagentofthecompanywholivedontheislandinthe1650s,describedthelowlandareasoftheislandasbeingdividedamong11chiefdomsranginginsizefromtwosettlementsto72.SomeofthesefellunderDutchcontrol,includingtheKingdomofMiddaginthecentralwesternplains,whileothersremainedindependent.[48][70]TheCompanyencouragedfarmerstoimmigratefromFujianandworkthelandsunderDutchcontrol.[71]Bythe1660s,some30,000to50,000Chinesewerelivingontheisland.[72] FortZeelandia,theGovernor'sresidenceinDutchFormosa In1626,theSpanishEmpirelandedonandoccupiednorthernTaiwanasatradingbase,firstatKeelungandin1628buildingFortSanDomingoatTamsui.[73]Thiscolonylasted16yearsuntil1642,whenthelastSpanishfortressfelltoDutchforces.[74]TheDutchthenmarchedsouth,subduinghundredsofvillagesinthewesternplainsbetweentheirnewpossessionsinthenorthandtheirbaseatTayouan.[74] FollowingthefalloftheMingdynastyinBeijingin1644,Koxinga(ZhengChenggong)pledgedallegiancetotheYongliEmperorofSouthernMingandattackedtheQingdynastyalongthesoutheasterncoastofChina.[75]In1661,underincreasingQingpressure,hemovedhisforcesfromhisbaseinXiamentoTaiwan,expellingtheDutchinthefollowingyear.Taiwan'sMinistryofForeignAffairsandsomeanalystsconsiderhisregimetobeloyaltotheMing,whileothersarguethatheactedasanindependentrulerandhisintentionswereunclear.[76][77][78][79] AfterbeingoustedfromTaiwan,theDutchalliedwiththenewQingdynastyinChinaagainsttheZhengregimeinTaiwan.FollowingsomeskirmishestheDutchretookthenorthernfortressatKeelungin1664.[80]ZhengJingsenttroopstodislodgetheDutch,buttheywereunsuccessful.TheDutchheldoutatKeelunguntil1668,whenaborigineresistance,[81]andthelackofprogressinretakinganyotherpartsoftheislandpersuadedthecolonialauthoritiestoabandonthisfinalstrongholdandwithdrawfromTaiwanaltogether.[82] Qingrule(1683–1895) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderQingrule Huntingdeer,paintedin1746 In1683,followingthedefeatofKoxinga'sgrandsonbyanarmadaledbyAdmiralShiLangofsouthernFujian,theQingdynastyformallyannexedTaiwan,placingitunderthejurisdictionofFujianprovince.TheQingimperialgovernmenttriedtoreducepiracyandvagrancyinthearea,issuingaseriesofedictstomanageimmigrationandrespectaboriginallandrights.ImmigrantsmostlyfromsouthernFujiancontinuedtoenterTaiwan.Theborderbetweentaxpayinglandsandwhatwasconsidered"savage"landsshiftedeastward,withsomeaboriginesbecomingsinicizedwhileothersretreatedintothemountains.Duringthistime,therewereanumberofconflictsbetweendifferentethnicgroupsofHanChinese,QuanzhouMinnanesefeudingwithZhangzhouandHakkaspeasants,andmajorclanfightsbetweenMinnans(Hoklos),Hakkasandaboriginestoo. Thereweremorethanahundredrebellions,riots,andinstancesofcivilstrifeduringtheQing'sadministration,includingtheLinShuangwenrebellion(1786–1788).Theirfrequencywasevokedbythecommonsaying"everythreeyearsanuprising,everyfiveyearsarebellion"(三年一反、五年一亂),primarilyinreferencetotheperiodbetween1820and1850.[83][84][85] NorthernTaiwanandthePenghuIslandswerethesceneofsubsidiarycampaignsintheSino-FrenchWar(August1884toApril1885).TheFrenchoccupiedKeelungon1October1884,butwererepulsedfromTamsuiafewdayslater.TheFrenchwonsometacticalvictoriesbutwereunabletoexploitthem,andtheKeelungCampaignendedinstalemate.ThePescadoresCampaign,beginningon31March1885,wasaFrenchvictory,buthadnolong-termconsequences.TheFrenchevacuatedbothKeelungandthePenghuarchipelagoaftertheendofthewar. In1887,theQingupgradedtheisland'sadministrationfrombeingtheTaiwanPrefectureofFujianProvincetoFujian-Taiwan-Province,thetwentiethintheempire,withitscapitalatTaipei.ThiswasaccompaniedbyamodernizationdrivethatincludedbuildingChina'sfirstrailway.[86] Japaneserule(1895–1945) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderJapaneserule JapanesecolonialsoldiersmarchTaiwanesecapturedaftertheTapaniIncidentin1915fromtheTainanjailtocourt. FollowingQing'sdefeatintheFirstSino-JapaneseWar(1894–1895),Taiwan,itsassociatedislands,andthePenghuarchipelagowerecededtotheEmpireofJapanbytheTreatyofShimonoseki,alongwithotherconcessions.[87]InhabitantsonTaiwanandPenghuwishingtoremainQingsubjectsweregivenatwo-yeargraceperiodtoselltheirpropertyandmovetomainlandChina.VeryfewTaiwanesesawthisasfeasible.[88]On25May1895,agroupofpro-QinghighofficialsproclaimedtheRepublicofFormosatoresistimpendingJapaneserule.JapaneseforcesenteredthecapitalatTainanandquelledthisresistanceon21October1895.[89]Guerrillafightingcontinuedperiodicallyuntilabout1902andultimatelytookthelivesof14,000Taiwanese,or0.5percentofthepopulation.[90]SeveralsubsequentrebellionsagainsttheJapanese(theBeipuuprisingof1907,theTapaniincidentof1915,andtheMushaincidentof1930)wereallunsuccessfulbutdemonstratedoppositiontoJapanesecolonialrule. Japanesecolonialrulewasinstrumentalintheindustrializationoftheisland,extendingtherailwaysandothertransportnetworks,buildinganextensivesanitationsystem,andestablishingaformaleducationsysteminTaiwan.[91]Japaneseruleendedthepracticeofheadhunting.[92]DuringthisperiodthehumanandnaturalresourcesofTaiwanwereusedtoaidthedevelopmentofJapan,andtheproductionofcashcropssuchasriceandsugargreatlyincreased.By1939,Taiwanwastheseventh-greatestsugarproducerintheworld.[93]Still,theTaiwaneseandaborigineswereclassifiedassecond-andthird-classcitizens.AftersuppressingChineseguerrillasinthefirstdecadeoftheirrule,Japaneseauthoritiesengagedinaseriesofbloodycampaignsagainstthemountainaboriginals,culminatingintheMushaIncidentof1930.[94]Intellectualsandlabourerswhoparticipatedinleft-wingmovementswithinTaiwanwerealsoarrestedandmassacred(e.g.ChiangWei-shuiandMasanosukeWatanabe).[95] Around1935,theJapanesebegananisland-wideassimilationprojecttobindtheislandmorefirmlytotheJapaneseEmpireandpeopleweretaughttoseethemselvesasJapaneseundertheKominkaMovement,duringwhichtimeTaiwanesecultureandreligionwereoutlawedandthecitizenswereencouragedtoadoptJapanesesurnames.[96]By1938,309,000JapanesesettlersresidedinTaiwan.[97] TaiwanheldstrategicwartimeimportanceasImperialJapanesemilitarycampaignsfirstexpandedandthencontractedoverthecourseofWorldWarII.TheImperialJapaneseNavyoperatedheavilyfromTaiwaneseports.The"SouthStrikeGroup"wasbasedattheTaihokuImperialUniversityinTaipei.ImportantJapanesemilitarybasesandindustrialcentresthroughoutTaiwan,suchasKaohsiungandKeelung,becametargetsofheavyraidsbyAmericanbombers.[98]InOctober1944btheFormosaAirBattlewasfoughtbetweenAmericancarriersandJapaneseforcesbasedinTaiwan. DuringthecourseofWorldWarII,tensofthousandsofTaiwaneseservedintheJapanesemilitary.[99]In1944,LeeTeng-hui,whowouldbecomeTaiwan'spresidentlaterinlife,volunteeredforserviceintheImperialJapaneseArmyandbecameasecondlieutenant.[100]Hiselderbrother,LeeTeng-chin(李登欽),alsovolunteeredfortheImperialJapaneseNavyanddiedinManila.[101]Inaddition,over2,000women,euphemisticallycalled"comfortwomen",wereforcedintosexualslaveryforImperialJapanesetroops.[102] AfterJapan'ssurrenderendedWorldWarII,mostofTaiwan'sapproximately300,000JapaneseresidentswereexpelledandsenttoJapan.[103] RepublicofChina(1945–1949) Mainarticle:RepublicofChina(1912–1949) GeneralChenYi(right)acceptingthereceiptofGeneralOrderNo.1fromRikichiAndō(left),thelastJapaneseGovernor-GeneralofTaiwan,inTaipeiCityHall WhileTaiwanwasstillunderJapaneserule,theRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthemainlandon1January1912,followingtheXinhaiRevolution,whichbeganwiththeWuchanguprisingon10October1911,replacingtheQingdynastyandendingovertwothousandyearsofimperialruleinChina.[104]Fromitsfoundinguntil1949itwasbasedinmainlandChina.Centralauthoritywaxedandwanedinresponsetowarlordism(1915–28),Japaneseinvasion(1937–45),andtheChineseCivilWar(1927–50),withcentralauthoritystrongestduringtheNanjingdecade(1927–37),whenmostofChinacameunderthecontroloftheKuomintang(KMT)underanauthoritarianone-partystate.[105] AftertheSurrenderofJapanon25October1945,theUSNavyferriedROCtroopstoTaiwantoaccepttheformalsurrenderofJapanesemilitaryforcesinTaipeionbehalfoftheAlliedPowers,aspartofGeneralOrderNo.1fortemporarymilitaryoccupation.GeneralRikichiAndō,governor-generalofTaiwanandcommander-in-chiefofallJapaneseforcesontheisland,signedthereceiptandhandeditovertoGeneralChenYioftheROCmilitarytocompletetheofficialturnover.ChenYiproclaimedthatdaytobe"TaiwanRetrocessionDay",buttheAlliesconsideredTaiwanandthePenghuIslandstobeundermilitaryoccupationandstillunderJapanesesovereigntyuntil1952,whentheTreatyofSanFranciscotookeffect.[106][107] Althoughthe1943CairoDeclarationhadenvisagedreturningtheseterritoriestoChina,ithadnolegalstatusastreaty,andalsointheTreatyofSanFranciscoandTreatyofTaipeiJapanrenouncedallclaimtothemwithoutspecifyingtowhatcountrytheyweretobesurrendered.ThisintroducedthedisputedsovereigntystatusofTaiwanandwhethertheROChassovereigntyoverTaiwanoronlyremainingoverKinmenandMatsuIslands. TheROCadministrationofTaiwanunderChenYiwasstrainedbyincreasingtensionsbetweenTaiwanese-bornpeopleandnewlyarrivedmainlanders,whichwerecompoundedbyeconomicwoes,suchashyperinflation.Furthermore,culturalandlinguisticconflictsbetweenthetwogroupsquicklyledtothelossofpopularsupportforthenewgovernment,whilethemassmovementledbytheworkingcommitteeoftheChineseCommunistPartyalsoaimedtobringdowntheKuomintanggovernment.[108][109]Theshootingofacivilianon28February1947triggeredisland-wideunrest,whichwassuppressedwithmilitaryforceinwhatisnowcalledtheFebruary28Incident.Mainstreamestimatesofthenumberkilledrangefrom18,000to30,000.ThosekilledweremainlymembersoftheTaiwaneseelite.[110][111] TheNationalists'retreattoTaipei AftertheendofWorldWarII,theChineseCivilWarresumedbetweentheChineseNationalists(Kuomintang),ledbyGeneralissimoChiangKai-shek,andtheChineseCommunistParty(CCP),ledbyCCPChairmanMaoZedong.Throughoutthemonthsof1949,aseriesofChineseCommunistoffensivesledtothecaptureofitscapitalNanjingon23AprilandthesubsequentdefeatoftheNationalistarmyonthemainland,andtheCommunistsfoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChinaon1October.[112] On7December1949,afterthelossoffourcapitals,ChiangevacuatedhisNationalistgovernmenttoTaiwanandmadeTaipeithetemporarycapitaloftheROC(alsocalledthe"wartimecapital"byChiangKai-shek).[113]Some2millionpeople,consistingmainlyofsoldiers,membersoftherulingKuomintangandintellectualandbusinesselites,wereevacuatedfrommainlandChinatoTaiwanatthattime,addingtotheearlierpopulationofapproximatelysixmillion.ThesepeoplecametobeknowninTaiwanas"waishengren"(外省人),residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrender,aswellastheirdescendants.Inaddition,theROCgovernmenttooktoTaipeimanynationaltreasuresandmuchofChina'sgoldreservesandforeigncurrencyreserves.[114][115][116] AfterlosingcontrolofmainlandChinain1949,theROCretainedcontrolofTaiwanandPenghu(Taiwan,ROC),partsofFujian(Fujian,ROC)—specificallyKinmen,Wuqiu(nowpartofKinmen)andtheMatsuIslandsandtwomajorislandsintheSouthChinaSea(withintheDongsha/PratasandNansha/Spratlyislandgroups).TheseterritorieshaveremainedunderROCgovernanceuntilthepresentday.TheROCalsobrieflyretainedcontroloftheentiretyofHainan(anislandprovince),partsofZhejiang(Chekiang)—specificallytheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslands—andportionsofTibet,Qinghai,SinkiangandYunnan.TheCommunistscapturedHainanin1950,capturedtheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslandsduringtheFirstTaiwanStraitCrisisin1955anddefeatedtheROCrevoltsinNorthwestChinain1958.ROCforcesinYunnanprovinceenteredBurmaandThailandinthe1950sandweredefeatedbyCommunistsin1961.EversincelosingcontrolofmainlandChina,theKuomintangcontinuedtoclaimsovereigntyover'allofChina',whichitdefinedtoincludemainlandChina(includingTibet),Taiwan(includingPenghu),OuterMongolia外蒙古,andotherminorterritories. RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) Mainarticles:HistoryoftheRepublicofChinaandHistoryofTaiwan(1945–present) Martiallawera(1949–1987) Seealso:MartiallawinTaiwanandTaiwanMiracle ChiangKai-shek,leaderoftheKuomintangfrom1925untilhisdeathin1975 Martiallaw,declaredonTaiwaninMay1949,[117]continuedtobeineffectafterthecentralgovernmentrelocatedtoTaiwan.Itwasnotrepealeduntil38yearslater,in1987.[117]Martiallawwasusedasawaytosuppressthepoliticaloppositionduringtheyearsitwasactive.[118]DuringtheWhiteTerror,astheperiodisknown,140,000peoplewereimprisonedorexecutedforbeingperceivedasanti-KMTorpro-Communist.[119]Manycitizenswerearrested,tortured,imprisonedandexecutedfortheirrealorperceivedlinktotheChineseCommunistParty.Sincethesepeopleweremainlyfromtheintellectualandsocialelite,anentiregenerationofpoliticalandsocialleaderswasdecimated.In1998,alawwaspassedtocreatethe"CompensationFoundationforImproperVerdicts"whichoversawcompensationtoWhiteTerrorvictimsandfamilies.PresidentMaYing-jeoumadeanofficialapologyin2008,expressinghopethattherewouldneverbeatragedysimilartoWhiteTerror.[120] Initially,theUnitedStatesabandonedtheKMTandexpectedthatTaiwanwouldfalltotheCommunists.However,in1950theconflictbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKorea,whichhadbeenongoingsincetheJapanesewithdrawalin1945,escalatedintofull-blownwar,andinthecontextoftheColdWar,USPresidentHarryS.TrumanintervenedagainanddispatchedtheUSNavy's7thFleetintotheTaiwanStraittopreventhostilitiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChina.[121]IntheTreatyofSanFranciscoandtheTreatyofTaipei,whichcameintoforcerespectivelyon28April1952and5August1952,Japanformallyrenouncedallright,claimandtitletoTaiwanandPenghu,andrenouncedalltreatiessignedwithChinabefore1942.Neithertreatyspecifiedtowhomsovereigntyovertheislandsshouldbetransferred,becausetheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomdisagreedonwhethertheROCorthePRCwasthelegitimategovernmentofChina.[122]ContinuingconflictoftheChineseCivilWarthroughthe1950s,andinterventionbytheUnitedStatesnotablyresultedinlegislationsuchastheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyandtheFormosaResolutionof1955. WithChiangKai-shek,USpresidentDwightD.EisenhowerwavedtocrowdsduringhisvisittoTaipeiinJune1960. AstheChineseCivilWarcontinuedwithouttruce,thegovernmentbuiltupmilitaryfortificationsthroughoutTaiwan.Withinthiseffort,KMTveteransbuiltthenowfamousCentralCross-IslandHighwaythroughtheTarokoGorgeinthe1950s.Thetwosideswouldcontinuetoengageinsporadicmilitaryclasheswithseldompublicizeddetailswellintothe1960sontheChinacoastalislandswithanunknownnumberofnightraids.DuringtheSecondTaiwanStraitCrisisinSeptember1958,Taiwan'slandscapesawNike-Herculesmissilebatteriesadded,withtheformationofthe1stMissileBattalionChineseArmythatwouldnotbedeactivateduntil1997.NewergenerationsofmissilebatterieshavesincereplacedtheNikeHerculessystemsthroughouttheisland. Duringthe1960sand1970s,theROCmaintainedanauthoritarian,single-partygovernmentwhileitseconomybecameindustrializedandtechnology-oriented.Thisrapideconomicgrowth,knownastheTaiwanMiracle,wastheresultofafiscalregimeindependentfrommainlandChinaandbackedup,amongothers,bythesupportofUSfundsanddemandforTaiwaneseproducts.[123][124]Inthe1970s,TaiwanwaseconomicallythesecondfastestgrowingstateinAsiaafterJapan.[125]Taiwan,alongwithHongKong,SouthKoreaandSingapore,becameknownasoneoftheFourAsianTigers.BecauseoftheColdWar,mostWesternnationsandtheUnitedNationsregardedtheROCasthesolelegitimategovernmentofChinauntilthe1970s.Later,especiallyaftertheterminationoftheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreaty,mostnationsswitcheddiplomaticrecognitiontothePRC(seeUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution2758). Untilthe1970sthegovernmentwasregardedbyWesterncriticsasundemocraticforupholdingmartiallaw,forseverelyrepressinganypoliticalopposition,andforcontrollingmedia.TheKMTdidnotallowthecreationofnewpartiesandthosethatexisteddidnotseriouslycompetewiththeKMT.Thus,competitivedemocraticelectionsdidnotexist.[126][127][128][129][130]Fromthelate1970stothe1990s,however,Taiwanwentthroughreformsandsocialchangesthattransformeditfromanauthoritarianstatetoademocracy.In1979,apro-democracyprotestknownastheKaohsiungIncidenttookplaceinKaohsiungtocelebrateHumanRightsDay.Althoughtheprotestwasrapidlycrushedbytheauthorities,itistodayconsideredasthemaineventthatunitedTaiwan'sopposition.[131] ChiangChing-kuo,ChiangKai-shek'ssonandsuccessorastheROCpresidentandchairmanoftheKMT,beganreformstothepoliticalsysteminthemid-1980s.Hesoughttomovemoreauthorityto"benshengren"(residentsofTaiwanbeforeJapan'ssurrenderinWorldWarIIandtheirdescendants)insteadofcontinuingtopromote"waishengren"(residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrenderandtheirdescendants)ashisfatherhad.[132]In1984,theyoungerChiangselectedLeeTeng-hui,aTaiwan-born,US-educatedtechnocrat,tobehisvice-president.In1986,theDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wasformedandinauguratedasthefirstoppositionpartyintheROCtocountertheKMT.Ayearlater,ChiangChing-kuoliftedmartiallawonthemainislandofTaiwan(martiallawwasliftedonPenghuin1979,Matsuislandin1992andKinmenislandin1993).WiththeKMTliftingmartiallaw,movingtowarddemocracy,andchoosingthenativeTaiwaneseLeeTeng-huitoleadthecountry,theoppositionDPPgropedforamessage;itwouldgoontolosethefirstdirectpresidentialelectionin1996.[133] Post-martiallawera(1987–present) Seealso:PoliticsoftheRepublicofChina In1988,LeeTeng-huibecamethefirstpresidentoftheRepublicofChinaborninTaiwanandwasthefirsttobedirectlyelectedin1996. AfterthedeathofChiangChing-kuoinJanuary1988,LeeTeng-huisucceededhimandbecamethefirstpresidentborninTaiwan.Leecontinuedthedemocraticreformstothegovernmentandreplacedmany"waishengren"ingovernmentpositionswith"benshengren".UnderLee,TaiwanunderwentaprocessoflocalizationinwhichTaiwanesecultureandhistorywerepromotedoverapan-ChinaviewpointincontrasttoearlierKMTpolicieswhichhadpromotedaChineseidentity.Lee'sreformsincludedprintingbanknotesfromtheCentralBankratherthantheProvincialBankofTaiwan,andstreamliningtheTaiwanProvincialGovernmentwithmostofitsfunctionstransferredtotheExecutiveYuan.UnderLee,theoriginalmembersoftheLegislativeYuanandNationalAssembly(aformersupremelegislativebodydefunctin2005),[134]electedin1947torepresentmainlandChineseconstituenciesandhavingheldtheseatswithoutre-electionformorethanfourdecades,wereforcedtoresignin1991.ThepreviouslynominalrepresentationintheLegislativeYuanwasbroughttoanend,reflectingtherealitythattheROChadnojurisdictionovermainlandChina,andviceversa.RestrictionsontheuseofTaiwaneseHokkieninthebroadcastmediaandinschoolswerealsolifted.[135] Reformscontinuedinthe1990s.TheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaandtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreadefinedthestatusoftheROC,makingTaiwanitsdefactoterritory.LeeTeng-huiwasre-electedastheKMTcandidatein1996,inthefirstdirectpresidentialelectioninthehistoryoftheROC,defeatingDDPcandidatePengMing-min.[136][137]Withdemocratization,theissueofthepoliticalstatusofTaiwangraduallyresurfacedasacontroversialissuewhere,previously,thediscussionofanythingotherthanunificationundertheROCwastaboo.DuringthelateryearsofLee'sadministration,hewasinvolvedincorruptioncontroversiesrelatingtogovernmentreleaseoflandandweaponspurchase,althoughnolegalproceedingscommenced.In1997,"Tomeettherequisitesofthenationpriortonationalunification",[138]theAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinawaspassedandthentheformer"constitutionoffivepowers"turnstobemoretripartite. In2000,ChenShui-bianoftheDemocraticProgressivePartywaselectedasthefirstnon-Kuomintang(KMT)Presidentandwasre-electedtoservehissecondandlasttermsince2004,evenafterhebacktrackedontheneedtodeclareTaiwan'sindependence.[133]Meanwhile,polarizedpoliticsemergedinTaiwanwiththeformationofthePan-BlueCoalition,ledbytheKMT,andthePan-GreenCoalition,ledbytheDPP.TheformerpreferseventualChineseunification,whilethelatterprefersTaiwaneseindependence.[139] In2004,theChenadministrationpushedforareferendumoncross-Straitrelations.Inearly2006,ChenShui-bianremarked:"TheNationalUnificationCouncilwillceasetofunction.Nobudgetwillbeear-markedforitanditspersonnelmustreturntotheiroriginalposts...TheNationalUnificationGuidelineswillceasetoapply."[140]On30September2007,therulingDPPapprovedaresolutionassertingaseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Italsocalledforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,theRepublicofChina.[141] However,Chenalienatedmoderateconstituentswhosupportedthestatusquoandthosewithcross-straiteconomicties,aswellascreatingtensionwiththemainlandanddisagreementswiththeUnitedStates.[142]In2008,referendumswereheldonthesamedayasthepresidentialelectionaskingwhetherTaiwanshouldjointheUNunder"Taiwan"(DPP'smotion)or"RepublicofChina"/anyothersuitablename(KMT'smotion).Bothfailedbecauseonly35percentoftheelectorate,belowtherequiredthresholdof50percent,voted.[143]TheChenadministrationwasalsodoggedbypublicconcernsoverreducedeconomicgrowth,legislativegridlockduetoapan-blue,opposition-controlledLegislativeYuan,andcorruptioninvestigationsinvolvingtheFirstFamilyaswellasgovernmentofficials,loweringthePresident'sratingstothe20sneartheendofhissecondterm.[144][145][142] IntheJanuary2008legislativeelections,theKMT'smajorityintheLegislativeYuanincreased.ItsnomineeMaYing-jeouwentontowinthepresidencyinMarchofthesameyear,campaigningonaplatformofincreasedeconomicgrowthandbettertieswiththePRCunderapolicyof"mutualnon-denial".[143]UnderMa,TaiwanandChinaopenedupdirectflightsandcargoshipments,withthelattercountryevenmakingitpossibleforTaiwantoparticipateintheannualWorldHealthAssembly.ThreatsfromChinafadedfromthepublic'smind,althoughU.S.analystsRichardFisherandRichardBusharguedthatmilitarytensionswiththePRChadnotbeenreduced.[146] StudentprotestinTaipeiagainstacontroversialtradeagreementwithChinainMarch2014 In2014,agroupofuniversitystudentssuccessfullyoccupiedtheLegislativeYuanandpreventedtheratificationoftheCross-StraitServiceTradeAgreementinwhatbecameknownastheSunflowerStudentMovement.Themovementgaverisetoyouth-basedthirdpartiessuchastheNewPowerParty,andisviewedtohavecontributedtoDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)victoriesthe2016presidentialandlegislativeelections.[147]ThismarkedthefirsttimeinTaiwanesehistorythattheKMTlostitslegislativemajority. In2016,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPbecamethepresidentofTaiwan.In2020,shecalledontheinternationalcommunitytodefendtheself-ruledisland'sdemocracyinthefaceofrenewedthreatsfromChinaandcalledonthelattertodemocratizeandrenouncetheuseofmilitaryforceagainstTaiwan.ChineseleaderXiJinpinghadearlierexpressedthatTaiwanwaspartofChina,whoreservestherighttouseforcebutwillstrivetoachievepeaceful"reunification".Xialsoofferedtodiscussunificationwithpartiesorindividualsunderthepreconditionof"oneChina",butbothTsaiandtheKMTrejectedXi'sproposal.[148][149] InJanuary2020,Tsaiwasre-electedandinthesimultaneouslegislativeelectionPresidentTsai'sDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wonamajoritywith61outof113seats.TheKuomintang(KMT)got38seats.[150] Inthe2020DemocracyIndexpublishedbytheLondon-basedEconomistIntelligenceUnit,Taiwanwasupgradedfroma"flaweddemocracy"toa"fulldemocracy",afterrisingfromthe31stplacetothe11th,moreimprovementthananyothercountry.ItwasrankedbelowCanadabutaboveGermany,Japan,andtheUnitedStates.[151] Geography Mainarticle:GeographyofTaiwan Taiwanismostlymountainousintheeast,withgentlyslopingplainsinthewest.ThePenghuIslandsarewestofthemainisland. TheareacontrolledbytheROCconsistsofseveralislandswithacombinedareaof36,193squarekilometres(13,974 sq mi).[14][152][l]Themainisland,knownhistoricallyasFormosa,makesup99percentofthisarea,measuring35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi)andlyingsome180kilometres(112 mi)acrosstheTaiwanStraitfromthesoutheasterncoastofmainlandChina.TheEastChinaSealiestoitsnorth,thePhilippineSeatoitseast,theLuzonStraitdirectlytoitssouthandtheSouthChinaSeatoitssouthwest.SmallerislandsincludethePenghuarchipelagointheTaiwanStrait,theKinmen,MatsuandWuqiuislandsneartheChinesecoast,andsomeoftheSouthChinaSeaislands. Themainislandisatiltedfaultblock,characterizedbythecontrastbetweentheeasterntwo-thirds,consistingmostlyoffiveruggedmountainrangesparalleltotheeastcoast,andtheflattogentlyrollingplainsofthewesternthird,wherethemajorityofTaiwan'spopulationreside.Thereareseveralpeaksover3,500 m,thehighestbeingYuShanat3,952 m(12,966 ft),makingTaiwantheworld'sfourth-highestisland.Thetectonicboundarythatformedtheserangesisstillactive,andtheislandexperiencesmanyearthquakes,afewofthemhighlydestructive.TherearealsomanyactivesubmarinevolcanoesintheTaiwanStraits. Taiwancontainsfourterrestrialecoregions:JianNansubtropicalevergreenforests,SouthChinaSeaIslands,SouthTaiwanmonsoonrainforests,andTaiwansubtropicalevergreenforests.[153]Theeasternmountainsareheavilyforestedandhometoadiverserangeofwildlife,whilelanduseinthewesternandnorthernlowlandsisintensive.Thecountryhada2019ForestLandscapeIntegrityIndexmeanscoreof6.38/10,rankingit76thgloballyoutof172countries.[154] Climate Seealso:ClimatechangeinTaiwan KöppenclimateclassificationofTaiwan TaiwanliesontheTropicofCancer,anditsgeneralclimateismarinetropical.[13]Thenorthernandcentralregionsaresubtropical,whereasthesouthistropicalandthemountainousregionsaretemperate.[155]Theaveragerainfallis2,600millimetres(100inches)peryearfortheislandproper;therainyseasonisconcurrentwiththeonsetofthesummerEastAsianMonsooninMayandJune.[156]Theentireislandexperienceshot,humidweatherfromJunethroughSeptember.TyphoonsaremostcommoninJuly,AugustandSeptember.[156]Duringthewinter(NovembertoMarch),thenortheastexperiencessteadyrain,whilethecentralandsouthernpartsoftheislandaremostlysunny. Duetoclimatechange,theaveragetemperatureinTaiwanhasrisen1.4 °C(2.5 °F)inthelast100years,whichistwiceoftheworldwidetemperaturerise.[157]ThegoaloftheTaiwanesegovernmentistocutcarbonemissionsby20percentin2030comparedto2005levels,andby50percentin2050comparedto2005levels.Carbonemissionsincreasedby0.92percentbetween2005and2016.[158] Geology Mainarticle:GeologyofTaiwan DabajianMountain TheislandofTaiwanliesinacomplextectonicareabetweentheYangtzePlatetothewestandnorth,theOkinawaPlateonthenorth-east,andthePhilippineMobileBeltontheeastandsouth.Theupperpartofthecrustontheislandisprimarilymadeupofaseriesofterranes,mostlyoldislandarcswhichhavebeenforcedtogetherbythecollisionoftheforerunnersoftheEurasianPlateandthePhilippineSeaPlate.ThesehavebeenfurtherupliftedasaresultofthedetachmentofaportionoftheEurasianPlateasitwassubductedbeneathremnantsofthePhilippineSeaPlate,aprocesswhichleftthecrustunderTaiwanmorebuoyant.[159] TheeastandsouthofTaiwanareacomplexsystemofbeltsformedby,andpartofthezoneof,activecollisionbetweentheNorthLuzonTroughportionoftheLuzonVolcanicArcandSouthChina,whereaccretedportionsoftheLuzonArcandLuzonforearcformtheeasternCoastalRangeandparallelinlandLongitudinalValleyofTaiwan,respectively.[160] ThemajorseismicfaultsinTaiwancorrespondtothevarioussuturezonesbetweenthevariousterranes.Thesehaveproducedmajorquakesthroughoutthehistoryoftheisland.On21September1999,a7.3quakeknownasthe"921earthquake"killedmorethan2,400people.TheseismichazardmapforTaiwanbytheUSGSshows9/10oftheislandatthehighestrating(mosthazardous).[161] Politicalandlegalstatus Mainarticle:PoliticalstatusofTaiwan Seealso:ListofstateswithlimitedrecognitionandForeignrelationsofChina§ Internationalterritorialdisputes ThepoliticalandlegalstatusesofTaiwanarecontentiousissues.ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)claimsthatTaiwanisChineseterritoryandthatitselfhasreplacedtheROCgovernmentin1949,becomingthesolelegalgovernmentofChina.[59]TheROChasitsowncurrency,widelyacceptedpassport,postagestamps,internetTLD,armedforcesandconstitutionwithanindependentlyelectedpresident.[162]Ithasnotformallyrenounceditsclaimtothemainland,butROCgovernmentpublicationshaveincreasinglydownplayedthishistoricalclaim.[163] ThoughitwasafoundingmemberofUnitedNations,theROCnowhasneitherofficialmembershipnorobserverstatusintheorganization. RelationswiththePRC Seealso:Cross-Straitrelations 2015Ma–Ximeeting Thepoliticalenvironmentiscomplicatedbythepotentialformilitaryconflict[164][165][166][167]shouldeventsoutlinedinthePRC'santi-secessionlawweretooccur,suchasTaiwandeclaringdejureindependence.Whileitaimsforpeacefulreunification,thePRCdoesnotruleouttheuseofforce.[59][168][169]ThereisasubstantialmilitarypresenceontheFujiancoastaswellasPRCsortiesintoTaiwan'sADIZ.[170][171][172] Foralmost60 years,therewerenodirecttransportationlinks,includingdirectflights,betweenTaiwanandthePRC.ThiswasaproblemformanyTaiwanesebusinessesthathadopenedfactoriesorbranchesinmainlandChina.TheformerDPPadministrationfearedthatsuchlinkswouldleadtotightereconomicandpoliticalintegrationwithmainlandChina.[citationneeded]Inthe2006LunarNewYearSpeech,PresidentChenShui-biancalledformanagedopeningoflinks.DirectweekendcharterflightsbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinabeganinJuly2008undertheKMTgovernment,andthefirstdirectdailycharterflightstookoffinDecember2008.[173] On29April2005,KuomintangChairmanLienChantravelledtoBeijingandmetwithChineseCommunistPartyGeneralSecretaryHuJintao,[174]thefirstmeetingbetweentheleadersofthetwopartiessincetheendoftheChineseCivilWarin1949.On11February2014,MainlandAffairsCouncilheadWangYu-chitravelledtoNanjingandmetwithTaiwanAffairsOfficeheadZhangZhijun,thefirstmeetingbetweenhigh-rankingofficialsfromeitherside.[175]ZhangpaidareciprocalvisittoTaiwanandmetWangon25June2014,makingZhangthefirstminister-levelPRCofficialtoevervisitTaiwan.[176]On7November2015,MaYing-jeou(inhiscapacityasLeaderofTaiwan)andXiJinping(inhiscapacityasleaderofMainlandChina[177])travelledtoSingaporeandmetup,[178]markingthehighest-levelexchangebetweenthetwosidessince1945.[179] ThePRCsupportsaversionoftheOne-Chinapolicy,whichstatesthatTaiwanandmainlandChinaarebothpartofChina,andthatthePRCistheonlylegitimategovernmentofChina.[34]ItseekstopreventorreduceanyformalrecognitionoftheROCasanindependentsovereignstate,[33]meaningthatTaiwanparticipatesinmanyinternationalforumsasanon-statememberundernamessuchas"ChineseTaipei".WhilethePRCcouldemploynon-peacefulmeansintheeventofTaiwansecessionorifpeacefulunificationisnolongerpossible,ithasalsooutlineditsprincipleof"peacefulreunification,andonecountry,twosystems"forTaiwan,suchasthepreservationofitscapitalistsystemforatleastsometimeandnostationingofCentralGovernmenttroopsandadministrativepersonnel.[59][180][148][181]However,PresidentMaYing-jeoustatedthattherewouldbeneitherunificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[182]PresidentTsaiIng-wen,whohassupportedthe2019–20HongKongprotests,haspledgedthataslongassheisTaiwan'spresident,shewillneveraccept"onecountry,twosystems".[183][184] Foreignrelations Mainarticle:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan CountriesmaintainingrelationswiththeROC  diplomaticrelationsandembassyinTaipei  unofficialrelations(seetext) Before1928,theforeignpolicyofRepublicanChinawascomplicatedbyalackofinternalunity—competingcentresofpowerallclaimedlegitimacy.ThissituationchangedafterthedefeatofthePeiyangGovernmentbytheKuomintang(KMT),whichledtowidespreaddiplomaticrecognitionoftheRepublicofChina.[185] AftertheKMT'sretreattoTaiwan,mostcountries,notablythecountriesintheWesternBloc,continuedtomaintainrelationswiththeROC,butrecognitiongraduallyerodedandmanycountriesswitchedrecognitiontothePRCinthe1970s.OnOctober25,1971,UNResolution2758wasadoptedby76votesto35with17abstensionsandrecognizedthePeople'sRepublicofChinaasChina'ssolerepresentativeintheUnitedNations;countriesinsupportincludedFrance,India,theUK,andtheUSSR,andcountriesinoppositionincludedJapanandtheUnitedStates.[186][187] ROCembassyinEswatini ThePRCrefusestohavediplomaticrelationswithanynationthathasdiplomaticrelationswiththeROC,andrequiresallnationswithwhichithasdiplomaticrelationstomakeastatementrecognizingitsclaimstoTaiwan.[188]Asaresult,only14 UNmemberstatesandtheHolySeemaintainofficialdiplomaticrelationswiththeRepublicofChina.[34][35][189]TheROCmaintainsunofficialrelationswithmostcountriesviadefactoembassiesandconsulatescalledTaipeiEconomicandCulturalRepresentativeOffices(TECRO),withbranchofficescalled"TaipeiEconomicandCulturalOffices"(TECO).BothTECROandTECOare"unofficialcommercialentities"oftheROCinchargeofmaintainingdiplomaticrelations,providingconsularservices(i.e.visaapplications),andservingthenationalinterestsoftheROCinothercountries.[190] From1954to1979,theUnitedStateswasapartnerwithTaiwaninamutualdefensetreaty.TheUnitedStatesremainsoneofthemainsupportersofTaiwanand,throughtheTaiwanRelationsActpassedin1979,hascontinuedsellingarmsandprovidingmilitarytrainingtotheArmedForces.[191]ThissituationcontinuestobeanissueforthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichconsidersUSinvolvementdisruptivetothestabilityoftheregion.InJanuary2010,theUSannounceditsintentiontosell$6.4 billionworthofmilitaryhardwaretoTaiwan.Asaconsequence,thePRCwarnedthatitsco-operationwiththeUSoninternationalandregionalissuescouldsufferandthatthecompaniesinvolved,namelyRaytheon,LockheedMartin,Boeing,andUnitedTechnologies,couldfaceChinesesanctions.[192] TheofficialpositionoftheUnitedStatesisthatthePRCisexpectedto"usenoforceorthreat[en]touseforceagainstTaiwan"andtheROCisto"exerciseprudenceinmanagingallaspectsofCross-Straitrelations."Botharetorefrainfromperformingactionsorespousingstatements"thatwouldunilaterallyalterTaiwan'sstatus".[193]On16December2015,theObamaadministrationannouncedadealtosell$1.83 billionworthofarmstothearmedforcesoftheROC.[194][195]TheforeignministryofthePRChadexpresseditsdisapprovalforthesalesandissuedtheUSa"sternwarning",sayingitwouldhurtPRC–USrelations.[196]InresponsetoUSsupportforTaiwan,thePRCdefenseministryWeiFenghesaidin2019that"IfanyonedarestosplitTaiwanfromChina,theChinesemilitaryhasnochoicebuttofightatallcosts".[197] Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations Seealso:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan§ RelationwithInternationalorganizations,andChineseTaipei TheROCwasafoundingmemberoftheUnitedNations,andheldtheseatofChinaontheSecurityCouncilandotherUNbodiesuntil1971,whenitwasexpelledbyResolution2758andreplacedinallUNorganswiththePRC.Eachyearsince1992,theROChaspetitionedtheUNforentry,butitsapplicationshavenotmadeitpastcommitteestage.[198] TheflagusedbyTaiwanattheOlympicGames,whereitcompetesas"ChineseTaipei"(中華台北) Duetoitslimitedinternationalrecognition,theRepublicofChinahasbeenamemberoftheUnrepresentedNationsandPeoplesOrganization(UNPO)sincethefoundationoftheorganizationin1991,representedbyagovernment-fundedorganization,theTaiwanFoundationforDemocracy(TFD),underthename"Taiwan".[199][200] AlsoduetoitsOneChinapolicy,thePRConlyparticipatesininternationalorganizationswheretheROCdoesnotparticipateasasovereigncountry.Mostmemberstates,includingtheUnitedStates,donotwishtodiscusstheissueoftheROC'spoliticalstatusforfearofsouringdiplomatictieswiththePRC.[201]However,boththeUSandJapanpubliclysupporttheROC'sbidformembershipintheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)asanobserver.[202]However,thoughtheROCsoughttoparticipateintheWHOsince1997,[203][204]theireffortswererejecteduntil2009,whentheyparticipatedunderthename"ChineseTaipei"afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing.[58][205]In2017,TaiwanagainbegantobeexcludedfromtheWHOeveninanobservercapacity.[206]ThisexclusioncausedanumberofscandalsduringtheCOVID-19outbreak.[207][208] TheNagoyaResolutionin1979betweenTaiwan(ROC),China(PRC),andtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)providedacompromisefortheROCtousethename"ChineseTaipei"ininternationaleventswherethePRCisalsoaparty,suchastheOlympicGames.[209][210][211]UndertheIOCcharter,ROCflagscannotbeflownatanyofficialOlympicvenueorgathering;thiscausedsomeconcernin2002whenresidentsofadowntowncondominiuminSaltLakeCityhungtwoflagsfromTaiwan.[212]TheROCalsoparticipatesintheAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationforum(since1991)andtheWorldTradeOrganization(since2002)underthename"ChineseTaipei".ItwasafoundingmemberoftheAsianDevelopmentBank,butsinceChina'sascensionin1986hasparticipatedunderthename"Taipei,China".TheROCisabletoparticipateas"China"inorganizationsinwhichthePRCdoesnotparticipate,suchastheWorldOrganizationoftheScoutMovement.Areferendumquestionin2018askedifTaiwan'sathletesshouldcompeteunder"Taiwan"inthe2020SummerOlympicsbutdidnotpass;theNewYorkTimesattributedthefailuretoacampaigncautioningthatanamechangemightleadtoTaiwanbeingbanned"underChinesepressure".[213] Domesticopinion Seealso:TaiwanindependenceandChineseUnification Broadlyspeaking,domesticpublicopinionhaspreferredmaintainingthestatusquo,thoughpro-independencesentimenthassteadilyrisensince1994.InJune2021,anannualpollrunbytheNationalChengchiUniversityfoundthat28.2percentofrespondentssupportedthestatusquoandpostponingadecision,27.5percentsupportedmaintainingthestatusquoindefinitely,25.8percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardindependence,5.9percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardunification,5.7percentgavenoresponse,5.6percentsupportedindependenceassoonaspossible,and1.5percentsupportedunificationassoonaspossible.[214] TheKMT,thelargestPan-Blueparty,supportsthestatusquofortheindefinitefuturewithastatedultimategoalofunification.However,itdoesnotsupportunificationintheshorttermwiththePRCassuchaprospectwouldbeunacceptabletomostofitsmembersandthepublic.[215]MaYing-jeou,chairmanoftheKMTandformerpresidentoftheROC,hassetoutdemocracy,economicdevelopmenttoalevelnearthatofTaiwan,andequitablewealthdistributionastheconditionsthatthePRCmustfulfillforreunificationtooccur.[216] TheDemocraticProgressiveParty,thelargestPan-Greenparty,officiallyseeksindependence,butinpracticealsosupportsthestatusquobecauseneitherindependencenorre-unificationseemslikelyintheshortorevenmediumterm.[217] On2September2008,MexicannewspaperElSoldeMéxicoaskedPresidentMaoftheKuomintangabouthisviewsonthesubjectof"twoChinas"andiftherewasasolutionforthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwo.ThepresidentrepliedthattherelationsareneitherbetweentwoChinasnortwostates.Itisaspecialrelationship.Further,hestatedthatthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwocannotberesolvedatpresent,buthequotedthe"1992Consensus",currently[when?]acceptedbyboththeKuomintangandtheChineseCommunistParty,asatemporarymeasureuntilasolutionbecomesavailable.[218] On27September2017,TaiwanesepremierWilliamLaioftheDemocraticProgressivePartysaidthathewasa"politicalworkerwhoadvocatesTaiwanindependence",butthatasTaiwanwasalreadyanindependentcountrycalledtheRepublicofChina,[167][169][172][219][220]ithadnoneedtodeclareindependence.[221] Governmentandpolitics Mainarticles:GovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaandPoliticsoftheRepublicofChina Seealso:ElectionsinTaiwan,HumanrightsinTaiwan,andNorth-SouthdivideinTaiwan Taiwan'spopularlyelectedpresidentresidesinthePresidentialOfficeBuilding,Taipei,originallybuiltintheJapaneseeraforcolonialgovernors. ThegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthe1947ConstitutionoftheROCanditsThreePrinciplesofthePeople,whichstatesthattheROC"shallbeademocraticrepublicofthepeople,tobegovernedbythepeopleandforthepeople".[222]Itunderwentsignificantrevisionsinthe1990s,knowncollectivelyastheAdditionalArticles.Thegovernmentisdividedintofivebranches(Yuan):theExecutiveYuan(cabinet),theLegislativeYuan(CongressorParliament),theJudicialYuan,theControlYuan(auditagency),andtheExaminationYuan(civilserviceexaminationagency). TsaiIng-wen,PresidentoftheRepublicofChina Theheadofstateandcommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesisthepresident,whoiselectedbypopularvoteforamaximumof2four-yeartermsonthesameticketasthevice-president.ThepresidentappointsthemembersoftheExecutiveYuanastheircabinet,includingapremier,whoisofficiallythePresidentoftheExecutiveYuan;membersareresponsibleforpolicyandadministration.[222] ThemainlegislativebodyistheunicameralLegislativeYuanwith113seats.Seventy-threeareelectedbypopularvotefromsingle-memberconstituencies;thirty-fourareelectedbasedontheproportionofnationwidevotesreceivedbyparticipatingpoliticalpartiesinaseparatepartylistballot;andsixareelectedfromtwothree-memberaboriginalconstituencies.Membersservefour-yearterms.OriginallytheunicameralNationalAssembly,asastandingconstitutionalconventionandelectoralcollege,heldsomeparliamentaryfunctions,buttheNationalAssemblywasabolishedin2005withthepowerofconstitutionalamendmentshandedovertotheLegislativeYuanandalleligiblevotersoftheRepublicviareferendums.[222][223] SuTseng-chang,PremieroftheRepublicofChina Thepremierisselectedbythepresidentwithouttheneedforapprovalfromthelegislature,butthelegislaturecanpasslawswithoutregardforthepresident,asneitherhenorthePremierwieldsvetopower.[222]Thus,thereislittleincentiveforthepresidentandthelegislaturetonegotiateonlegislationiftheyareofopposingparties.Aftertheelectionofthepan-Green'sChenShui-bianasPresidentin2000,legislationrepeatedlystalledbecauseofdeadlockwiththeLegislativeYuan,whichwascontrolledbyapan-Bluemajority.[224]Historically,theROChasbeendominatedbystrongmansinglepartypolitics.Thislegacyhasresultedinexecutivepowerscurrentlybeingconcentratedintheofficeofthepresidentratherthanthepremier,eventhoughtheconstitutiondoesnotexplicitlystatetheextentofthepresident'sexecutivepower.[225] TheJudicialYuanisthehighestjudicialorgan.Itinterpretstheconstitutionandotherlawsanddecrees,judgesadministrativesuits,anddisciplinespublicfunctionaries.Thepresidentandvice-presidentoftheJudicialYuanandadditionalthirteenjusticesformtheCouncilofGrandJustices.[226]Theyarenominatedandappointedbythepresident,withtheconsentoftheLegislativeYuan.Thehighestcourt,theSupremeCourt,consistsofanumberofcivilandcriminaldivisions,eachofwhichisformedbyapresidingjudgeandfourassociatejudges,allappointedforlife.In1993,aseparateconstitutionalcourtwasestablishedtoresolveconstitutionaldisputes,regulatetheactivitiesofpoliticalpartiesandacceleratethedemocratizationprocess.Thereisnotrialbyjurybuttherighttoafairpublictrialisprotectedbylawandrespectedinpractice;manycasesarepresidedoverbymultiplejudges.[222] TheControlYuanisawatchdogagencythatmonitors(controls)theactionsoftheexecutive.ItcanbeconsideredastandingcommissionforadministrativeinquiryandcanbecomparedtotheCourtofAuditorsoftheEuropeanUnionortheGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeoftheUnitedStates.[222]ItisalsoresponsiblefortheNationalHumanRightsCommission. TheExaminationYuanisinchargeofvalidatingthequalificationofcivilservants.ItisbasedontheoldimperialexaminationsystemusedindynasticChina.ItcanbecomparedtotheEuropeanPersonnelSelectionOfficeoftheEuropeanUnionortheOfficeofPersonnelManagementoftheUnitedStates.[222]Itwasdownsizedin2019,andtherehavebeencallsforitsabolition.[227][228] Constitution TheconstitutionwasdraftedinbytheKMTwhiletheROCstillgovernedtheChinesemainland,wentintoeffecton25December1947.[229]TheROCremainedundermartiallawfrom1948until1987andmuchoftheconstitutionwasnotineffect.[citationneeded]Politicalreformsbeginninginthelate1970sresultedintheendofmartiallawin1987,andTaiwantransformedintoamultipartydemocracyintheearly1990s.TheconstitutionalbasisforthistransitiontodemocracywasgraduallylaidintheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina.Inaddition,thesearticleslocalizedtheConstitutionbysuspendingportionsoftheConstitutiondesignedforgovernanceofChinaandreplacingthemwitharticlesadaptedforthegovernanceofandguaranteeingthepoliticalrightsofresidentsoftheTaiwanArea,asdefinedintheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandArea.[230] Nationalboundarieswerenotexplicitlyprescribedbythe1947Constitution,andtheConstitutionalCourtdeclinedtodefinetheseboundariesina1993interpretation,viewingthequestionasapoliticalquestiontoberesolvedbytheExecutiveandLegislativeYuans.[231]The1947ConstitutionincludedarticlesregardingrepresentativesfromformerQingdynastyterritoriesincludingTibetandMongolia(thoughitdidnotspecifywhetherthisexcludedOuterMongolia).[232][233]TheROCrecognizedMongoliaasanindependentcountryin1946aftersigningthe1945Sino-SovietTreatyofFriendshipandAlliance,butafterretreatingtoTaiwanin1949itrenegedonitsagreementinordertopreserveitsclaimoverChina.[234]TheAdditionalArticlesofthe1990sdidnotalternationalboundaries,butsuspendedarticlesregardingMongolianandTibetanrepresentatives.TheROCbegantoaccepttheMongolianpassportandremovedclausesreferringtoOuterMongoliafromtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreain2002.[235]In2012theMainlandAffairsCouncilissuedastatementclarifyingthatOuterMongoliawasnotpartoftheROC'snationalterritoryin1947,[236]andthattheterminationoftheSino-SovietTreatyhadnotalterednationalterritoryaccordingtotheConstitution.[237]TheMongolianandTibetanAffairsCommissionintheExecutiveYuanwasabolishedin2017. Majorcamps EmblemoftheKuomintang,themainPan-BlueCoalitionparty Taiwan'spoliticalsceneisdividedintotwomajorcampsintermsofcross-Straitrelations,i.e.howTaiwanshouldrelatetoChinaorthePRC.ThePan-GreenCoalition(e.g.theDemocraticProgressiveParty)leanspro-independence,andthePan-BlueCoalition(e.g.theKuomintang)leanspro-unification.ModeratesinbothcampsregardtheRepublicofChinaasasovereignindependentstate,butthePan-GreenCoalitionregardtheROCassynonymouswithTaiwan,whilemoderatesinthePan-BlueCoalitionviewitassynonymouswithChina.ThesepositionsformedagainstthebackdropofthePRC'sAnti-SecessionLaw,whichthreatensinvasionintheeventofformalindependence. Taiwanese-bornTangwai("independent")politicianWuSan-lien(secondleft)celebrateswithsupportershislandslidevictoryof65.5percentinTaipei'sfirstmayoralelectioninJanuary1951. ThePan-GreenCoalitioniscomposedofthepro-independenceDemocraticProgressivePartyandTaiwanStatebuildingParty(TSP).TheyopposetheideathatTaiwanispartofChina,andseekswidediplomaticrecognitionandaneventualdeclarationofformalTaiwanindependence.[238][failedverification]InSeptember2007,thethenrulingDemocraticProgressivePartyapprovedaresolutionassertingseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Itcalledalsoforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,the"RepublicofChina".[239]Thename"Taiwan"hasbeenusedincreasinglyoftenaftertheemergenceoftheTaiwaneseindependencemovement.[142]Somemembersofthecoalition,suchasformerPresidentChenShui-bian,arguethatitisunnecessarytoproclaimindependencebecause"Taiwanisalreadyanindependent,sovereigncountry"andtheRepublicofChinaisthesameasTaiwan.[240]DespitebeingamemberofKMTpriortoandduringhispresidency,LeeTeng-huialsoheldasimilarviewandwasasupporteroftheTaiwanizationmovement.[241] ThePan-BlueCoalition,composedofthepro-unificationKuomintang,PeopleFirstParty(PFP)andNewPartygenerallysupportthespiritofthe1992Consensus,wheretheKMTdeclaredthatthereisoneChina,butthattheROCandPRChavedifferentinterpretationsofwhat"China"means.Theyfavoureventualre-unificationofChina.[242]ThemoremainstreamPan-BluepositionistoliftinvestmentrestrictionsandpursuenegotiationswiththePRCtoimmediatelyopendirecttransportationlinks.Regardingindependence,themainstreamPan-Bluepositionistomaintainthestatusquo,whilerefusingimmediatereunification.[215]PresidentMaYing-jeoustatedthattherewillbenounificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[182][243]Asof2009[update],Pan-BluemembersusuallyseektoimproverelationshipswithmainlandChina,withacurrentfocusonimprovingeconomicties.[244] Nationalidentity Mainarticle:Taiwanesepeople§ ThecurrentstateofTaiwaneseidentitySeealso:OpinionpollingonTaiwaneseidentity Resultsfromanidentitysurveyconductedeachyearfrom1992to2020bytheElectionStudyCenter,NationalChengchiUniversity.[245]ResponsesareTaiwanese(green),Chinese(red)orBothTaiwaneseandChinese(hatched).Noresponseisshownasgrey. Roughly84percentofTaiwan'spopulationaredescendantsofHanChineseimmigrantsfromQingChinabetween1683and1895.AnothersignificantfractiondescendsfromHanChinesewhoimmigratedfrommainlandChinainthelate1940sandearly1950s.Thesharedculturalorigincombinedwithseveralhundredyearsofgeographicalseparation,somehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationandforeigninfluences,aswellashostilitybetweentherivalROCandPRChaveresultedinnationalidentitybeingacontentiousissuewithpoliticalovertones. Sincedemocraticreformsandtheliftingofmartiallaw,adistinctTaiwaneseidentity(asopposedtoTaiwaneseidentityasasubsetofaChineseidentity)isoftenattheheartofpoliticaldebates.ItsacceptancemakestheislanddistinctfrommainlandChina,andthereforemaybeseenasasteptowardsformingaconsensusfordejureTaiwanindependence.[246]ThePan-GreencampsupportsapredominantlyTaiwaneseidentity(although"Chinese"maybeviewedasculturalheritage),whilethePan-BluecampsupportsapredominantlyChineseidentity(with"Taiwanese"asaregional/diasporicChineseidentity).[242]TheKMThasdownplayedthisstanceintherecentyearsandnowsupportsaTaiwaneseidentityaspartofaChineseidentity.[247][248] InannualpollsconductedbyNationalChengchiUniversity,Taiwaneseidentificationhasincreasedsubstantiallysincetheearly1990s,whileChineseidentificationhasfallentoalowlevel,andidentificationasbothhasalsoseenareduction.In1992,17.6percentofrespondentsidentifiedasTaiwanese,25.5percentasChinese,46.4percentasboth,and10.5percentnon-response.InJune2021,63.3percentidentifiedasTaiwanese,2.6percentasChinese,31.4percentasboth,and2.7percentnon-response.[245]AsurveyconductedinTaiwanbyGlobalViewsSurveyResearchCenterinJuly2009showedthat82.8percentofrespondentsconsidertheROCandthePRCastwoseparatecountrieswitheachdevelopingonitsownbut80.2percentthinktheyaremembersoftheChinese.[249] Administrativedivisions Mainarticle:AdministrativedivisionsofTaiwan Taiwanis,inpractice,dividedinto22subnationaldivisions,eachwithaself-governingbodyledbyanelectedleaderandalegislativebodywithelectedmembers.Dutiesoflocalgovernmentsincludesocialservices,education,urbanplanning,publicconstruction,watermanagement,environmentalprotection,transport,publicsafety,andmore. Therearethreetypesofsubnationaldivisions:specialmunicipalities,counties,andcities.Specialmunicipalitiesandcitiesarefurtherdividedintodistrictsforlocaladministration.Countiesarefurtherdividedintotownshipsandcounty-administeredcitieswhichhaveelectedmayorsandcouncils,andsharedutieswiththecounty.Somedivisionsareindigenousdivisionswhichhavedifferentdegreesofautonomytostandardones.Inaddition,districts,citiesandtownshipsarefurtherdividedintovillagesandneighbourhoods. OverviewofadministrativedivisionsoftheRepublicofChina RepublicofChina Taipei NewTaipei Keelung Taoyuan HsinchuCounty Hsinchu Miaoli Taichung Changhua Penghu Nantou Yunlin ChiayiCounty Chiayi Tainan Kaohsiung Pingtung Yilan Hualien Taitung TaiwanProvince Kinmen Lienchiang(Matsu) FujianProvince TaiwanStrait SouthChinaSea EastChinaSea PescadoresChannel BashiChannel PhilippineSea(PacificOcean) Freearea[i] Mainlandarea[ii] Specialmunicipalities[α][iii] Provinces[iv] Notadministered[v] Counties[α] Cities[α][vi] Districts[β] Mountainindigenousdistricts[α] County-administeredcities[α] Townships[α][β][vii] Districts[β] Villages[γ][viii] Neighborhoods Notes ^abcdefHasanelectedexecutiveandanelectedlegislativecouncil. ^abcHasanappointeddistrictadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. ^Hasanelectedvillageadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. Military Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaArmedForces Seealso:RepublicofChinaMilitaryAcademy RepublicofChinaArmyThunderbolt-2000 TheRepublicofChinaArmytakesitsrootsintheNationalRevolutionaryArmy,whichwasestablishedbySunYat-senin1925inGuangdongwithagoalofreunifyingChinaundertheKuomintang.WhenthePeople'sLiberationArmywontheChineseCivilWar,muchoftheNationalRevolutionaryArmyretreatedtoTaiwanalongwiththegovernment.ItwaslaterreformedintotheRepublicofChinaArmy.UnitswhichsurrenderedandremainedinmainlandChinawereeitherdisbandedorincorporatedintothePeople'sLiberationArmy. TheROCandtheUnitedStatessignedtheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyin1954,andestablishedtheUnitedStatesTaiwanDefenseCommand.About30,000UStroopswerestationedinTaiwan,untiltheUnitedStatesestablisheddiplomaticrelationswiththePRCin1979.[250] Today,Taiwanmaintainsalargeandtechnologicallyadvancedmilitary,mainlyasadefencetotheconstantthreatofinvasionbythePeople'sLiberationArmyusingtheAnti-SecessionLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaasapretext.Thislawauthorizestheuseofmilitaryforcewhencertainconditionsaremet,suchasadangertomainlanders.[171] From1949tothe1970s,theprimarymissionoftheTaiwanesemilitarywasto"retakemainlandChina"throughProjectNationalGlory.AsthismissionhastransitionedawayfromattackbecausetherelativestrengthofthePRChasmassivelyincreased,theROCmilitaryhasbeguntoshiftemphasisfromthetraditionallydominantArmytotheairforceandnavy. RepublicofChinaAirForceindigenouslyproducedfighterairplaneinChingChuanKangAirBase Controlofthearmedforceshasalsopassedintothehandsoftheciviliangovernment.[251][252]AstheROCmilitaryshareshistoricalrootswiththeKMT,theoldergenerationofhigh-rankingofficerstendstohavePan-Bluesympathies.However,manyhaveretiredandtherearemanymorenon-mainlandersenlistinginthearmedforcesintheyoungergenerations,sothepoliticalleaningsofthemilitaryhavemovedclosertothepublicnorminTaiwan.[253] TheROCbeganaforcereductionplan,JingshiAn(translatedtostreamliningprogram),toscaledownitsmilitaryfromalevelof450,000in1997to380,000in2001.[254]Asof2009[update],thearmedforcesoftheROCnumberapproximately300,000,[255]withnominalreservestotalling3.6 millionasof2015[update].[256]Conscriptionremainsuniversalforqualifiedmalesreachingageeighteen,butasapartofthereductioneffortmanyaregiventheopportunitytofulfilltheirdraftrequirementthroughalternativeserviceandareredirectedtogovernmentagenciesorarmsrelatedindustries.[257]Currentplanscallforatransitiontoapredominantlyprofessionalarmyoverthenextdecade.[258][259]Conscriptionperiodsareplannedtodecreasefrom14 monthsto12.[260]InthelastmonthsoftheBushadministration,Taipeitookthedecisiontoreversethetrendofdecliningmilitaryspending,atatimewhenmostAsiancountrieskeptonreducingtheirmilitaryexpenditures.Italsodecidedtostrengthenbothdefensiveandoffensivecapabilities.Taipeistillkeepsalargemilitaryapparatusrelativetotheisland'spopulation:militaryexpendituresfor2008wereNTD334billion(approximatelyUS$10.5billion),whichaccountedfor2.94percentofGDP. TheC-130HinSongshanAFB Thearmedforces'primaryconcernatthistime,accordingtotheNationalDefenseReport,isthepossibilityofaninvasionbythePRC,consistingofanavalblockade,airborneassaultormissilebombardment.[251]FourupgradedKidd-classdestroyerswerepurchasedfromtheUnitedStates,andcommissionedintotheRepublicofChinaNavyin2005–2006,significantlyupgradingTaiwan'sprotectionfromaerialattackandsubmarinehuntingabilities.[261]TheMinistryofNationalDefenseplannedtopurchasediesel-poweredsubmarinesandPatriotanti-missilebatteriesfromtheUnitedStates,butitsbudgethasbeenstalledrepeatedlybytheopposition-Pan-BlueCoalitioncontrolledlegislature.Themilitarypackagewasstalledfrom2001to2007whereitwasfinallypassedthroughthelegislatureandtheUSrespondedon3October2008,witha$6.5 billionarmspackageincludingPACIIIAnti-Airsystems,AH-64DApacheAttackhelicoptersandotherarmsandparts.[262]AsignificantamountofmilitaryhardwarehasbeenboughtfromtheUnitedStates,and,asof2009[update],continuestobelegallyguaranteedbytheTaiwanRelationsAct.[191]Inthepast,FranceandtheNetherlandshavealsosoldmilitaryweaponsandhardwaretotheROC,buttheyalmostentirelystoppedinthe1990sunderpressureofthePRC.[263][264] ThefirstlineofprotectionagainstinvasionbythePRCistheROC'sownarmedforces.CurrentROCmilitarydoctrineistoholdoutagainstaninvasionorblockadeuntiltheUSmilitaryresponds.[265]Thereis,however,noguaranteeintheTaiwanRelationsActoranyothertreatythattheUnitedStateswilldefendTaiwan,evenintheeventofinvasion.[266]ThejointdeclarationonsecuritybetweentheUSandJapansignedin1996mayimplythatJapanwouldbeinvolvedinanyresponse.However,Japanhasrefusedtostipulatewhetherthe"areasurroundingJapan"mentionedinthepactincludesTaiwan,andtheprecisepurposeofthepactisunclear.[267]TheAustralia,NewZealand,UnitedStatesSecurityTreaty(ANZUSTreaty)maymeanthatotherUSallies,suchasAustralia,couldtheoreticallybeinvolved.[268][269]WhilethiswouldriskdamagingeconomictieswithChina,[270]aconflictoverTaiwancouldleadtoaneconomicblockadeofChinabyagreatercoalition.[271][272][273][274][275] Economy Mainarticles:EconomyofTaiwanandEconomichistoryofTaiwan Taipei101heldtheworldrecordforskyscraperheightfrom2004to2010. ThequickindustrializationandrapidgrowthofTaiwanduringthelatterhalfofthe20thcenturyhasbeencalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Taiwanisoneofthe"FourAsianTigers"alongsideHongKong,SouthKoreaandSingapore. JapaneserulepriortoandduringWorldWarIIbroughtchangesinthepublicandprivatesectors,mostnotablyintheareaofpublicworks,whichenabledrapidcommunicationsandfacilitatedtransportthroughoutmuchoftheisland.TheJapanesealsoimprovedpubliceducationandmadeitcompulsoryforallresidentsofTaiwan.By1945,hyperinflationwasinprogressinmainlandChinaandTaiwanasaresultofthewarwithJapan.ToisolateTaiwanfromit,theNationalistgovernmentcreatedanewcurrencyareafortheisland,andbeganapricestabilizationprogramme.Theseeffortssignificantlyslowedinflation. WhentheKMTgovernmentfledtoTaiwanitbroughtmillionsoftaels(where1 tael=37.5gor~1.2 ozt)ofgoldandtheforeigncurrencyreserveofmainlandChina,which,accordingtotheKMT,stabilizedpricesandreducedhyperinflation.[276]Perhapsmoreimportantly,aspartofitsretreattoTaiwan,theKMTbroughttheintellectualandbusinesselitesfrommainlandChina.[277]TheKMTgovernmentinstitutedmanylawsandlandreformsthatithadnevereffectivelyenactedonmainlandChina.Thegovernmentalsoimplementedapolicyofimport-substitution,attemptingtoproduceimportedgoodsdomestically.[278] In1950,withtheoutbreakoftheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatesbegananaidprogrammewhichresultedinfullystabilizedpricesby1952.[279]EconomicdevelopmentwasencouragedbyAmericaneconomicaidandprogrammessuchastheJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,whichturnedtheagriculturalsectorintothebasisforlatergrowth.Underthecombinedstimulusofthelandreformandtheagriculturaldevelopmentprogrammes,agriculturalproductionincreasedatanaverageannualrateof4percentfrom1952to1959,whichwasgreaterthanthepopulationgrowth,3.6percent.[280] In1962,Taiwanhada(nominal)per-capitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)of$170,placingitseconomyonaparwiththoseoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Onapurchasingpowerparity(PPP)basis,itsGDPpercapitaintheearly1960swas$1,353(in1990prices).By2011per-capitaGNP,adjustedforpurchasingpowerparity(PPP),hadrisento$37,000,contributingtoaHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)equivalenttothatofotherdevelopedcountries.In2019,theHDIcalculatedbyTaiwan'sgovernmentwastheseventh-highestintheAsia-Pacificregion.[20] NeihuTechnologyParkinTaipei In1974,ChiangChing-kuoimplementedtheTenMajorConstructionProjects,thebeginningfoundationsthathelpedTaiwantransformintoitscurrentexportdriveneconomy.Sincethe1990s,anumberofTaiwan-basedtechnologyfirmshaveexpandedtheirreacharoundtheworld.Well-knowninternationaltechnologycompaniesheadquarteredinTaiwanincludepersonalcomputermanufacturersAcerInc.andAsus,mobilephonemakerHTC,aswellaselectronicsmanufacturinggiantFoxconn,whichmakesproductsforApple,Amazon,andMicrosoft.ComputexTaipeiisamajorcomputerexpo,heldsince1981. TodayTaiwanhasadynamic,capitalist,export-driveneconomywithgraduallydecreasingstateinvolvementininvestmentandforeigntrade.Inkeepingwiththistrend,somelargegovernment-ownedbanksandindustrialfirmsarebeingprivatized.[281]RealgrowthinGDPhasaveragedabout8percentduringthepastthreedecades.Exportshaveprovidedtheprimaryimpetusforindustrialization.Thetradesurplusissubstantial,andforeignreservesaretheworld'sfifthlargest.[282]ThecurrencyofTaiwanistheNewTaiwandollar. Sincethebeginningofthe1990s,theeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavebeenveryprolific.Asof2008[update],morethanUS$150 billion[283]havebeeninvestedinthePRCbyTaiwanesecompanies.AlthoughtheeconomyofTaiwanbenefitsfromthissituation,somehaveexpressedtheviewthattheislandhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonthemainlandChineseeconomy.A2008whitepaperbytheDepartmentofIndustrialTechnologystatesthat"TaiwanshouldseektomaintainstablerelationwithChinawhilecontinuingtoprotectnationalsecurity,andavoidingexcessive'Sinicization'ofTaiwaneseeconomy."[284]OthersarguethatcloseeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinawouldmakeanymilitaryinterventionbythePLAagainstTaiwanverycostly,andthereforelessprobable.[285] Taiwan'stotaltradein2010reachedanall-timehighofUS$526.04 billion,accordingtoTaiwan'sMinistryofFinance.Bothexportsandimportsfortheyearreachedrecordlevels,totallingUS$274.64 billionandUS$251.4 billion,respectively.[286] RicepaddyfieldsinYilanCounty In2001,agricultureconstitutedonly2percentofGDP,downfrom35percentin1952.[287]Traditionallabour-intensiveindustriesaresteadilybeingmovedoffshoreandwithmorecapitalandtechnology-intensiveindustriesreplacingthem.High-technologyindustrialparkshavesprungupineveryregioninTaiwan.TheROChasbecomeamajorforeigninvestorinthePRC,Thailand,Indonesia,thePhilippines,Malaysia,andVietnam.Itisestimatedthatsome50,000 Taiwanesebusinessesand1,000,000 businesspeopleandtheirdependentsareestablishedinthePRC.[288] Becauseofitsconservativefinancialapproachanditsentrepreneurialstrengths,Taiwansufferedlittlecomparedwithmanyofitsneighboursinthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis.Unlikeitsneighbours,SouthKoreaandJapan,theTaiwaneseeconomyisdominatedbysmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses,ratherthanthelargebusinessgroups.Theglobaleconomicdownturn,however,combinedwithpoorpolicyco-ordinationbythenewadministrationandincreasingbaddebtsinthebankingsystem,pushedTaiwanintorecessionin2001,thefirstwholeyearofnegativegrowthsince1947.Duetotherelocationofmanymanufacturingandlabour-intensiveindustriestothePRC,unemploymentalsoreachedalevelnotseensincethe1970soilcrisis.Thisbecameamajorissueinthe2004presidentialelection.Growthaveragedmorethan4percentinthe2002–2006periodandtheunemploymentratefellbelow4percent.[289] TheROCoftenjoinsinternationalorganizations(especiallyonesthatalsoincludethePeople'sRepublicofChina)underapoliticallyneutralname.TheROChasbeenamemberofgovernmentaltradeorganizationssuchastheWorldTradeOrganizationunderthenameSeparateCustomsTerritoryofTaiwan,Penghu,KinmenandMatsu(ChineseTaipei)since2002.[290] Transport Mainarticle:TransportationinTaiwan ChinaAirlinesaircraftline-upatTaoyuanInternationalAirport TheMinistryofTransportationandCommunicationsoftheRepublicofChinaisthecabinet-levelgoverningbodyofthetransportnetworkinTaiwan. CiviliantransportinTaiwanischaracterisedbyextensiveuseofscooters.InMarch2019,13.86 millionwereregistered,twicethatofcars.[291] Bothhighwaysandrailwaysareconcentratednearthecoasts,wherethemajorityofthepopulationresides,with1,619 km(1,006 mi)ofmotorway. RailwaysinTaiwanareprimarilyusedforpassengerservices,withTaiwanRailwayAdministration(TRA)operatingacircularrouteandTaiwanHighSpeedRail(THSR)runninghighspeedservicesonthewestcoast.UrbantransitsystemsincludeTaipeiMetro,KaohsiungRapidTransit,TaoyuanMetroandNewTaipeiMetro. MajorairportsincludeTaiwanTaoyuan,Kaohsiung,TaipeiSongshanandTaichung.TherearecurrentlysevenairlinesinTaiwan,thelargestonesbeingChinaAirlinesandEVAAir. Therearefourinternationalseaports:Keelung,Kaohsiung,Taichung,andHualien. Education Mainarticles:EducationinTaiwan,AcademiaSinica,andHistoryofeducationinTaiwan Seealso:ScholarshipsinTaiwanandEconomyofTaiwan§ Science Taiwan'shighereducationsystemwasestablishedbyJapanduringthecolonialperiod.However,aftertheRepublicofChinatookoverin1945,thesystemwaspromptlyreplacedbythesamesystemasinmainlandChinawhichmixedfeaturesoftheChineseandAmericaneducationalsystems.[292] ChildrenataTaiwaneseschool TaiwaniswellknownforadheringtotheConfucianparadigmofvaluingeducationasameanstoimproveone'ssocioeconomicpositioninsociety.[293][294]Heavyinvestmentandaculturalvaluingofeducationhascatapultedtheresource-poornationconsistentlytothetopofglobaleducationrankings.Taiwanisoneofthetop-performingcountriesinreadingliteracy,mathematicsandsciences.In2015,Taiwanesestudentsachievedoneoftheworld'sbestresultsinmathematics,scienceandliteracy,astestedbytheProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA),withtheaveragestudentscoring519,comparedwiththeOECDaverageof493,placingitseventhintheworld.[295][296][297] TheTaiwaneseeducationsystemhasbeenpraisedforvariousreasons,includingitscomparativelyhightestresultsanditsmajorroleinpromotingTaiwan'seconomicdevelopmentwhilecreatingoneoftheworld'smosthighlyeducatedworkforces.[298][299]Taiwanhasalsobeenpraisedforitshighuniversityentranceratewheretheuniversityacceptanceratehasincreasedfromaround20percentbeforethe1980sto49percentin1996andover95percentsince2008,amongthehighestinAsia.[300][301][302]Thenation'shighuniversityentranceratehascreatedahighlyskilledworkforcemakingTaiwanoneofthemosthighlyeducatedcountriesintheworldwith68.5percentofTaiwanesehighschoolstudentsgoingontoattenduniversity.[303]Taiwanhasahighpercentageofitscitizensholdingatertiaryeducationdegreewhere45percentofTaiwaneseaged25–64holdabachelor'sdegreeorhighercomparedwiththeaverageof33percentamongmembercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).[302][304] Ontheotherhand,thesystemhasbeencriticisedforplacingexcessivepressureonstudentswhileeschewingcreativityandproducinganexcesssupplyofover-educateduniversitygraduatesandahighgraduateunemploymentrate.Withalargenumberofuniversitygraduatesseekingalimitednumberofprestigiouswhitecollarjobsinaneconomicenvironmentthatisincreasinglylosingitscompetitiveedge,thishasledmanygraduatestobeemployedinlower-endjobswithsalariesfarbeneaththeirexpectations.[305][294]Taiwan'suniversitieshavealsobeenundercriticismfornotbeingabletofullymeettherequirementsanddemandsofTaiwan's21st-centuryfast-movinglabourmarket,citingaskillsmismatchamongalargenumberofself-assessed,overeducateduniversitygraduateswhodon'tfitthedemandsofthemodernTaiwaneselabourmarket.[306]TheTaiwanesegovernmenthasalsoreceivedcriticismforunderminingtheeconomyasithasbeenunabletoproduceenoughjobstomeetthedemandsofnumerousunderemployeduniversitygraduates.[300][307] AstheTaiwaneseeconomyislargelyscienceandtechnologybased,thelabourmarketdemandspeoplewhohaveachievedsomeformofhighereducation,particularlyrelatedtoscienceandengineeringtogainacompetitiveedgewhensearchingforemployment.AlthoughcurrentTaiwaneselawmandatesonlynineyearsofschooling,95percentofjuniorhighgraduatesgoontoattendaseniorvocationalhighschool,university,juniorcollege,tradeschool,orotherhighereducationinstitution.[303][308] SinceMadeinChina2025wasannouncedin2015,aggressivecampaignstorecruitTaiwanesechipindustrytalenttosupportitsmandatesresultedinthelossofmorethan3,000chipengineerstomainlandChina,[309]andraisedconcernsofa"braindrain"inTaiwan.[310][309][311] ManyTaiwanesestudentsattendcramschools,orbuxiban,toimproveskillsandknowledgeonproblemsolvingagainstexamsofsubjectslikemathematics,naturescience,historyandmanyothers.Coursesareavailableformostpopularsubjectsandincludelectures,reviews,privatetutorialsessions,andrecitations.[312][313] Asof2020[update],theliteracyrateinTaiwanwas99.03percent.[314] Demographics Mainarticle:DemographicsofTaiwan PopulationdensitymapofTaiwan(residentspersquarekilometre) Taiwanhasapopulationofabout23.4 million,[315]mostofwhomareontheislandofTaiwan.TheremainderliveontheoutlyingislandsofPenghu(101,758),Kinmen(127,723),andMatsu(12,506).[316] Largestcitiesandcounties Mainarticle:ListofcitiesinTaiwan ThefiguresbelowaretheMarch2019estimatesforthetwentymostpopulousadministrativedivisions;adifferentrankingexistswhenconsideringthetotalmetropolitanareapopulations(insuchrankingstheTaipei-Keelungmetroareaisbyfarthelargestagglomeration).Thefiguresreflectthenumberofhouseholdregistrationsineachcity,whichmaydifferfromthenumberofactualresidents.  vteLargestcitiesandspecialmunicipalitiesinTaiwansource Rank Name Division Pop. NewTaipeiTaichung 1 NewTaipei NewTaipeiCity 4,000,164 KaohsiungTaipei 2 Taichung TaichungCity 2,809,004 3 Kaohsiung KaohsiungCity 2,773,229 4 Taipei TaipeiCity 2,661,317 5 Taoyuan TaoyuanCity 2,230,653 6 Tainan TainanCity 1,883,078 7 Hsinchu HsinchuCity 446,701 8 Keelung KeelungCity 369,820 9 Chiayi ChiayiCity 268,474 10 Changhua ChanghuaCounty 232,505 Ethnicgroups Mainarticles:Taiwanesepeople,HanTaiwanese,HanChinese,andTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples OriginalgeographicdistributionsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples TheROCgovernmentreportsthatover95percentofthepopulationisHanChinese,includingdescendantsofthosewhoarrivedinlargenumbersstartinginthe18thcentury,2percentindigenousMalayo-Polynesianpeoples,and2percentnewimmigrantsprimarilyfromChinaandSoutheastAsia.[76][13] TheHoklopeoplearethelargestethnicgroup(70percentofthetotalpopulation),whoseHanancestorsmigratedfromthecoastalsouthernFujianregionacrosstheTaiwanStraitstartinginthe17thcentury.TheHakkacompriseabout15percentofthetotalpopulation,anddescendfromHanmigrantsfromeasternGuangdong.[317] TheindigenousTaiwaneseaboriginesnumberabout533,600andaredividedinto16groups.[318]TheAmi,Atayal,Bunun,Kanakanavu,Kavalan,Paiwan,Puyuma,Rukai,Saisiyat,Saaroa,Sakizaya,Sediq,Thao,TrukuandTsoulivemostlyintheeasternhalfoftheisland,whiletheYamiinhabitOrchidIsland.[319][320] Languages MapofthemostcommonlyusedhomelanguageinTaiwanwhereblue'cmn'="Mandarin",green'nan'="Hokkien"/"MinNan",hot-pink'hak'="Hakka",burgundy'map'=austronesianlanguages. Mainarticle:LanguagesofTaiwan Mandarinistheprimarylanguageusedinbusinessandeducation,andisspokenbythevastmajorityofthepopulation.TraditionalChineseisusedasthewritingsystem.[321]TheRepublicofChinadoesnothaveanylegallydesignatedofficiallanguage,butMandarinplaystheroleofthedefactoofficiallanguage.[3] SincetheMayFourthMovement,writtenvernacularChinesehadreplacedClassicalChineseandemergedasthemainstreamwrittenChineseintheRepublicofChina.ButClassicalChinesecontinuedtobewidelyusedintheGovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.MostgovernmentdocumentsintheRepublicofChinawerewritteninClassicalChineseuntilreformsinthe1970s,inareformmovementspearheadedbyPresidentYenChia-kantoshiftthewrittenstyletoamoreintegratedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[322][323]AfterJanuary1,2005,theExecutiveYuanalsochangedthelong-standingofficialdocumentwritinghabitfromverticalwritingstyletohorizontalwritingstyle. Today,pureClassicalChineseisoccasionallyusedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalritesinTaiwan.TheNationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina(中華民國國歌),forexample,isinClassicalChinese.TaoisttextsarestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposed.Buddhisttexts,orsutras,arestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposedortranslatedfromSanskritsources.InpracticethereisasociallyacceptedcontinuumbetweenvernacularChineseandClassicalChinese.Mostofficialgovernmentdocuments,legal,courtsrulingsandjudiciarydocumentsuseacombinedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[324]Forexample,mostofficialnoticesandformallettersarewrittenwithanumberofstockClassicalChineseexpressions(e.g.salutation,closing).Personalletters,ontheotherhand,aremostlywritteninvernacular,butwithsomeClassicalphrases,dependingonthesubjectmatter,thewriter'slevelofeducation,etc. AsmanylegaldocumentsarestillwritteninClassicalChinese,whichisnoteasilyunderstoodbythegeneralpublic,agroupofTaiwanesehadlaunchedtheLegalVernacularMovementhopingtobringmoreVernacularChineseintothelegalwritingsoftheRepublicofChina.[325] 70percentofthepopulationbelongtotheHokloethnicgroupandspeakHokkiennativelyinadditiontoMandarin.TheHakkagroup,comprisingsome14–18percentofthepopulation,speakHakka.AlthoughMandarinisthelanguageofinstructioninschoolsanddominatestelevisionandradio,non-MandarinChinesevarietieshaveundergonearevivalinpubliclifeinTaiwan,particularlysincerestrictionsontheirusewereliftedinthe1990s.[321] FormosanlanguagesarespokenprimarilybytheindigenouspeoplesofTaiwan.TheydonotbelongtotheChineseorSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily,buttotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,andarewritteninLatinalphabet.[326]TheiruseamongaboriginalminoritygroupshasbeenindeclineasusageofMandarinhasrisen.[321]Ofthe14extantlanguages,fiveareconsideredmoribund.[327] Taiwanisofficiallymultilingual.AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11]Asof2019,policiesonnationallanguagesareinearlystagesofimplementation,withHakkaandindigenouslanguagesdesignatedassuch. Religion Mainarticle:ReligioninTaiwan Estimatedreligiouscompositionin2020[328]   Chinesefolkreligion(includingConfucianism)(43.8%)  Buddhists(21.2%)  Others(includingTaoists)(15.5%)  Unaffiliated(13.7%)  Christians(5.8%)  Muslims(1%) TheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaprotectspeople'sfreedomofreligionandthepracticesofbelief.[329]FreedomofreligioninTaiwanisstrongandrankshighat9.2in2018accordingtoworldbank.[330] In2005,thecensusreportedthatthefivelargestreligionswere:Buddhism,Taoism,Yiguandao,Protestantism,andRomanCatholicism.[331]AccordingtoPewResearch,thereligiouscompositionofTaiwanin2020[332]isestimatedtobe43.8percentFolkreligions,21.2percentBuddhist,15.5Others(includingTaoism),13.7percentUnaffiliated,5.8percentChristianand1%Muslim.TaiwaneseaboriginescompriseanotablesubgroupamongprofessingChristians:"...over64percentidentifyasChristian...ChurchbuildingsarethemostobviousmarkersofAboriginalvillages,distinguishingthemfromTaiwaneseorHakkavillages".[333]TherehasbeenasmallMuslimcommunityofHuipeopleinTaiwansincethe17thcentury.[334] Confucianismisaphilosophythatdealswithsecularmoralethics,andservesasthefoundationofbothChineseandTaiwaneseculture.ThemajorityofTaiwanesepeopleusuallycombinethesecularmoralteachingsofConfucianismwithwhateverreligionstheyareaffiliatedwith. Asof2019[update],therewere15,175religiousbuildingsinTaiwan,approximatelyoneplaceofworshipper1,572residents.12,279templeswerededicatedtoTaoismandBuddhism.Therewere9,684TaoistTemplesand2,317BuddhistTemples.[335]InTaiwan’s36,000squarekilometersofland,therearemorethan33,000placesforreligious(believers)toworshipandgather.Onaverage,thereisonetempleorchurch(church)orreligiousbuildingforeverysquarekilometer.Thehighdensityofplaceofworshipisrareintheworld,anditistheareawiththehighestdensityofreligiousbuildingsintheChinese-speakingworld.TaiwanisalsothemostreligiousregionintheChinese-speakingworld.EvenforChristianity,thereare2,845Churches.[335] AsignificantpercentageofthepopulationofTaiwanisnon-religious.Taiwan'sstronghumanrightsprotections,lackofstate-sanctioneddiscrimination,andgenerallyhighregardforfreedomofreligionorbeliefearneditajoint#1rankinginthe2018FreedomofThoughtReport,alongsidetheNetherlandsandBelgium.[336] Taiwanisclearlyanoutlierinthetop3,all-clearcountries.Itisnon-European,anddemographicallymuchmorereligious.Butinitsrelativelyopen,democraticandtolerantsocietywehaverecordednoevidenceoflawsorsocialdiscriminationagainstmembersofthenon-religiousminority.[337] LGBT Mainarticles:LGBTrightsinTaiwanandSame-sexmarriageinTaiwan On24May2017,theConstitutionalCourtruledthatthen-currentmarriagelawshadbeenviolatingtheConstitutionbydenyingTaiwanesesame-sexcouplestherighttomarry.TheCourtruledthatiftheLegislativeYuandidnotpassadequateamendmentstoTaiwanesemarriagelawswithintwoyears,same-sexmarriageswouldautomaticallybecomelawfulinTaiwan.[338]Inareferendumquestionin2018,however,votersexpressedoverwhelmingoppositiontosame-sexmarriageandsupportedtheremovalofcontentabouthomosexualityfromprimaryschooltextbooks.AccordingtotheNewYorkTimes,theaforementionedreferendumquestionsweresubjecttoa"well-fundedandhighlyorganizedcampaignledbyconservativeChristiansandothergroups"involvingtheuseof"misinformation,thebulkofwhichwasspreadonline".[213]Nevertheless,thevoteagainstsame-sexmarriagedoesnotaffectthecourtruling,andon17May2019,Taiwan'sparliamentapprovedabilllegalisingsame-sexmarriage,makingitthefirstcountryinAsiatodoso.[339][340][341] Publichealth Mainarticle:HealthcareinTaiwan NationalTaiwanUniversityHospital ThecurrenthealthcaresysteminTaiwan,knownasNationalHealthInsurance(NHI,Chinese:全民健康保險),wasinstitutedin1995.NHIisasingle-payercompulsorysocialinsuranceplanthatcentralizesthedisbursementofhealthcarefunds.Thesystempromisesequalaccesstohealthcareforallcitizens,andthepopulationcoveragehadreached99percentbytheendof2004.[342]NHIismainlyfinancedthroughpremiums,whicharebasedonthepayrolltax,andissupplementedwithout-of-pocketco-paymentsanddirectgovernmentfunding.Preventativehealthservice,low-incomefamilies,veterans,childrenunderthreeyearsold,andcatastrophicdiseasesareexemptfromco-payment.Lowincomehouseholdsmaintain100percentpremiumcoveragebytheNHIandco-paysarereducedfordisabledorcertainelderlypeople.[citationneeded] Earlyintheprogram,thepaymentsystemwaspredominantlyfee-for-service.Mosthealthprovidersoperateintheprivatesectorandformacompetitivemarketonthehealthdeliveryside.However,manyhealthcareproviderstookadvantageofthesystembyofferingunnecessaryservicestoalargernumberofpatientsandthenbillingthegovernment.Inthefaceofincreasinglossandtheneedforcostcontainment,NHIchangedthepaymentsystemfromfee-for-servicetoaglobalbudget,akindofprospectivepaymentsystem,in2002. Theimplementationofuniversalhealthcarecreatedfewerhealthdisparitiesforlower-incomecitizensinTaiwan.Accordingtoarecentlypublishedsurvey,outof3,360 patientssurveyedatarandomlychosenhospital,75.1percentofthepatientssaidtheyare"verysatisfied"withthehospitalservice;20.5percentsaidtheyare"okay"withtheservice.Only4.4percentofthepatientssaidtheyareeither"notsatisfied"or"verynotsatisfied"withtheserviceorcareprovided.[343] TheTaiwanesediseasecontrolauthorityistheTaiwanCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),andduringtheSARSoutbreakinMarch2003therewere347 confirmedcases.DuringtheoutbreaktheCDCandlocalgovernmentssetupmonitoringstationsthroughoutpublictransportation,recreationalsitesandotherpublicareas.WithfullcontainmentinJuly2003,therehasnotbeenacaseofSARSsince.[344]OwingtothelessonsfromSARS,aNationalHealthCommandCenterwasestablishedin2004,whichincludestheCentralEpidemicCommandCenter(CECC).TheCECChassinceplayedacentralroleinTaiwan'sapproachtoepidemics,includingtheCOVID-19pandemic. In2019,theinfantmortalityratewas4.2deathsper1,000livebirths,with20 physiciansand71hospitalbedsper10,000 people.[345][346]Lifeexpectancyatbirthin2020is77.5 yearsand83.9 yearsformalesandfemales,respectively.[347] Culture Mainarticles:CultureofTaiwan,CulturalhistoryofTaiwan,andChineseCulturalRenaissance Seealso:TaiwaneseWave ApoHsuandtheNTNUSymphonyOrchestraonstageintheNationalConcertHallTheculturesofTaiwanareahybridblendfromvarioussources,incorporatingelementsofthemajoritytraditionalChineseculture,aboriginalcultures,Japaneseculturalinfluence,traditionalConfucianistbeliefs,andincreasingly,Westernvalues. DuringthemartiallawperiodinwhichtheRepublicofChinawasofficiallyanti-communist,theKuomintangpromotedanofficialtraditionalChinesecultureoverTaiwaninordertoemphasizethattheRepublicofChinarepresentsthetrueorthodoxytoChineseCulture(andthereforethe"realandlegitimateChina")asopposedtoCommunistChina.[348]Thegovernmentlaunchedwhat'sknownastheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwaninoppositiontotheculturaldestructionscausedbytheChineseCommunistPartyduringtheCulturalRevolution.TheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture(中華文化總會)wasestablishedasamovementpromotioncounciltohelppromoteChineseCultureinTaiwanandoverseas.ItwasKuomintang'sfirststructuredplanforculturaldevelopmentonTaiwan.ChianghimselfwastheheadoftheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture.SubsequentPresidentoftheRepublicofChinaalsobecametheheadofthisGeneralAssembly.TheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwancoupledwithChineseCulturaleducationinTaiwanhadhelpedtoelevatetheculturalrefinement,mannerismandpolitenessofmanyTaiwanese,incontrasttotheculturaldestruction(unculturedbehaviour)ofmanymainlandChineseduetotheCulturalRevolution.[349]ThishasalsoledtoChineseCulture(especiallyitssoftculture)beingbetterpreservedinTaiwanthaninmainlandChina.AnexampleofthispreservationisthecontinueduseofTraditionalChinese.TheinfluenceofConfucianismcanbefoundinthebehaviourofTaiwanesepeople,knownfortheirfriendlinessandpoliteness.[350] TheupliftingofmartiallawusheredaperiodofdemocratizationwherebyFreedomofSpeechandExpressionledtoaflourishingTaiwaneseliteratureandMassmediainTaiwan. ReflectingthecontinuingcontroversysurroundingthepoliticalstatusofTaiwan,politicscontinuestoplayaroleintheconceptionanddevelopmentofaTaiwaneseculturalidentity,especiallyinitsrelationshiptoChineseculture.[351]Inrecentyears,theconceptofTaiwanesemulticulturalismhasbeenproposedasarelativelyapoliticalalternativeview,whichhasallowedfortheinclusionofmainlandersandotherminoritygroupsintothecontinuingre-definitionofTaiwanesecultureascollectivelyheldsystemsofmeaningandcustomarypatternsofthoughtandbehavioursharedbythepeopleofTaiwan.[352]Identitypolitics,alongwiththeoveronehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationfrommainlandChina,hasledtodistincttraditionsinmanyareas,includingcuisineandmusic. Arts Mainarticles:MusicofTaiwanandTaiwaneseart Thissectionappearstobeslantedtowardsrecentevents.Pleasetrytokeeprecenteventsinhistoricalperspectiveandaddmorecontentrelatedtonon-recentevents.(June2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Taiwanesewriter,literarycriticandpoliticianWangTuoh AcclaimedclassicalmusiciansincludeviolinistCho-LiangLin,pianistChing-YunHu,andtheLincolnCenterChamberMusicSocietyartistdirectorWuHan.OthermusiciansincludeJayChouandgroupssuchasMaydayandheavymetalbandChthonic,ledbysingerFreddyLim,whichhasbeenreferredtoasthe"BlackSabbathofAsia".[353][354] Taiwanesefilmshavewonvariousinternationalawardsatfilmfestivalsaroundtheworld.AngLee,aTaiwanesedirector,hasdirectedcriticallyacclaimedfilmssuchas:CrouchingTiger,HiddenDragon;EatDrinkManWoman;SenseandSensibility;BrokebackMountain;LifeofPi;andLust,Caution.OtherfamousTaiwanesedirectorsincludeTsaiMing-liang,EdwardYang,andHouHsiao-hsien.TaiwanhashostedtheGoldenHorseFilmFestivalandAwardssince1962. TaiwanhoststheNationalPalaceMuseum,whichhousesmorethan650,000piecesofChinesebronze,jade,calligraphy,painting,andporcelainandisconsideredoneofthegreatestcollectionsofChineseartandobjectsintheworld.[355]TheKMTmovedthiscollectionfromtheForbiddenCityinBeijingin1933andpartofthecollectionwaseventuallytransportedtoTaiwanduringtheChineseCivilWar.Thecollection,estimatedtobeone-tenthofChina'sculturaltreasures,issoextensivethatonly1percentisondisplayatanytime.ThePRChadsaidthatthecollectionwasstolenandhascalledforitsreturn,buttheROChaslongdefendeditscontrolofthecollectionasanecessaryacttoprotectthepiecesfromdestruction,especiallyduringtheCulturalRevolution.Relationsregardingthistreasurehavesincewarmed,withtheNationalPalaceMuseumloaningartworktovariousmuseumsinthePRCin2010.[356] Popularculture Karaoke,drawnfromcontemporaryJapaneseculture,isextremelypopularinTaiwan,whereitisknownasKTV.KTVbusinessesoperateinahotel-likestyle,rentingoutsmallroomsandballroomsaccordingtothenumberofguestsinagroup.ManyKTVestablishmentspartnerwithrestaurantsandbuffetstoformall-encompassingandelaborateeveningaffairsforfamilies,friends,orbusinessmen.TourbussesthattravelaroundTaiwanhaveseveralTVs,primarilyforsingingkaraoke.TheentertainmentcounterpartofaKTVisMTVTaiwan,particularlyinurbanareas.There,DVDmoviescanbeplayedinaprivatetheatreroom.However,MTV,moresothanKTV,hasagrowingreputationforbeingaplacethatyoungcoupleswillgotobealoneandintimate.[357][citationneeded] Taiwanhasahighdensityof24-hourconveniencestores,which,inadditiontotheusualservices,provideservicesonbehalfoffinancialinstitutionsorgovernmentagencies,suchascollectionofparkingfees,utilitybills,trafficviolationfines,andcreditcardpayments.[358]Theyalsoprovideaserviceformailingpackages.ChainssuchasFamilyMartprovideclothinglaundryservices,[359]anditispossibletopurchaseorreceiveticketsforTRAandTHSRticketsatconveniencestores,specifically7-Eleven,FamilyMart,Hi-LifeandOK.[360][361] Taiwaneseculturehasalsoinfluencedothercultures.Bubbleteahasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithitspopularityspreadingacrosstheglobe.[362] Sports Mainarticle:SportsinTaiwan YaniTsengwiththe2011Women'sBritishOpentrophy TaiTzu-ying,thecurrentworldNo.1inBWFatthe2018ChineseTaipeiOpen BaseballisTaiwan'snationalsportandisapopularspectatorsport.TheTaiwanesemen'sbaseballteamandwomen'sbaseballteamareworldNo.2intheWBSCRankingsasofJune2021.TherehavebeensixteenTaiwaneseMajorLeagueBaseballplayersintheUnitedStatesasofthe2020MLBSeason,includingformerpitchersChien-MingWangandWei-YinChen.TheChineseProfessionalBaseballLeagueinTaiwanwasestablishedin1989[363]andeventuallyabsorbedthecompetingTaiwanMajorLeaguein2003.Asof2019[update],theCPBLhasfourteams,withaverageattendanceover5,826pergame.[364] Besidesbaseball,basketballisTaiwan'sothermajorsport.[365]TheP.League+wasestablishedinSeptember2020asTaiwan'sprofessionalbasketballleagueandconsistsoffourteams.[366]Asemi-professionalSuperBasketballLeague(SBL)hasalsobeeninplaysince2003.[367]TwootherteamsfromTaiwancompeteintheASEANBasketballLeague,aprofessionalmen'sbasketballleagueinEastandSoutheastAsia. Taiwanparticipatesininternationalsportingorganizationsandeventsunderthenameof"ChineseTaipei"duetoitspoliticalstatus.In2009,Taiwanhostedtwointernationalsportingeventsontheisland.TheWorldGames2009wereheldinKaohsiungbetween16and26July2009.Taipeihostedthe21stSummerDeaflympicsinSeptemberofthesameyear.Furthermore,TaipeihostedtheSummerUniversiadein2017.[368]Inthenearfuture,TaipeiandNewTaipeiCitywillco-hostthe2025WorldMastersGames,asgovernedbytheInternationalMastersGamesAssociation(IMGA).[369] TaekwondohasbecomeamatureandsuccessfulsportinTaiwaninrecentyears.Inthe2004Olympics,ChenShih-hsinandChuMu-yenwonthefirsttwogoldmedalsinthewomen'sflyweighteventandthemen'sflyweightevent,respectively.SubsequenttaekwondocompetitorssuchasYangShu-chunhavestrengthenedTaiwan'staekwondoculture. Taiwanhasalonghistoryofstronginternationalpresenceintabletennis.ChenPao-peiwasagoldmedalistinthewomen'ssinglesattheAsianTableTennisChampionshipsin1953andgoldmedalistwithChiangTsai-yuninthe1957women'sdoublesandwomen'steamevents.LeeKuo-tingwonthemen'ssinglesatthe1958AsianTableTennisChampionships.Morerecently,ChenChien-anwonthe2008WorldJuniorTableTennisChampionshipsinsinglesandpairedwithChuangChih-yuantowinthemen'sdoublesin2013atthe52ndWorldTableTennisChampionships.PlayingforTaiwan,ChenJingwonabronzemedalatthe1996OlympicGamesandasilvermedalatthe2000OlympicGames.17-year-oldLinYun-JuupsetbothreigningworldchampionMaLongandworldrankedNo.3FanZhendongtowinthe2019men'ssinglesintheT2DiamondSeriesinMalaysia.[370][371][372][373] InTennis,HsiehSu-weiisthecountry'smostsuccessfulplayer,havingbeenrankedinsidethetop25insinglesintheWTArankings.[374]ShebecamejointNo.1indoubleswithherpartnerPengShuaiin2014.[375]ThesistersChanYung-jan(LatishaChan)andChanHao-chingaredoublesspecialists.Theywontheir13thWTAtournamenttogetheratthe2019EastbourneInternational,[376]thesecond-highestnumberofwinsforapairofsistersaftertheWilliamssisters.[377]LatishaChanbecamejointNo.1withpartnerMartinaHingisin2017.[378]Themostsuccessfulmen'splayerwasLuYen-hsun,whoreachedNo.33intheATPrankingsin2010.[379] Taiwanisalsoamajorcompetitorinkorfball,earningthirdplacefourtimesattheWorldChampionship(in1991,2011,2015,and2019),andhostingandtakingsecondplaceattheU23WorldChampionshipin2008[380](aswellastakingthirdin2012andsecondin2016).Taiwanalsotooksilveratthe2017WorldGamesandbronzein1997,2001,and2013andatthe2009gamesheldinKaohsiung.[381]Taiwanisalsosettohostthe2023IKFWorldKorfballChampionship. YaniTsengisthemostfamousTaiwaneseprofessionalgolfercurrentlyplayingontheUS-basedLPGATour.Sheistheyoungestplayerever,maleorfemale,towinfivemajorchampionshipsandwasrankednumber1intheWomen'sWorldGolfRankingsfor109consecutiveweeksfrom2011to2013.[382][383][384] Taiwan'sstrengthinbadmintonisdemonstratedbythecurrentworldNo.1rankingfemaleplayer,TaiTzu-ying,andtheworldNo.2rankingmaleplayerChouTien-chenintheBWFWorldTour.[385][386] Calendar Mainarticle:Minguocalendar Seealso:ChinesecalendarandPublicholidaysinTaiwan ThestandardGregoriancalendarisusedformostpurposesinTaiwan.TheyearisoftendenotedbytheMinguoerasystemwhichstartsin1912,theyeartheROCwasfounded.2021isyear110Minguo(民國110年).TheEastAsiandateformatisusedinChinese.[387] Priortostandardisationin1929,theChinesecalendarwasofficiallyused.ItisaLunisolarcalendarsystemwhichremainsinusetodayfortraditionalfestivalssuchastheLunarNewYear,theLanternFestival,andtheDragonBoatFestival.[388] Seealso Taiwanportal Islandsportal IndexofTaiwan-relatedarticles OutlineofTaiwan Notes ^TaipeiistheofficialseatofgovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaalthoughtheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinadoesnotspecifythedejurecapital.[1] ^Mandarin[3]VernacularChinese(usedinmostoccasions)ClassicalChinese(usedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalrites,officialdocuments,legalandcourtrulingsandjudiciarydocuments)[4] ^abcdNotdesignatedbutmeetslegaldefinition ^AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11] ^Mixedindigenous-HanancestryisincludedinthefigureforHanChinese. ^Interpretationsonwhetherthisentailsacompletetransferoftheterritory’ssovereigntytotheRepublicofChinavary.JapanrenouncedtheclaimstoTaiwanandPescadoresintheTreatyofSanFranciscoin1952;seeRetrocessionDay,TheoryoftheUndeterminedStatusofTaiwanandpoliticalstatusofTaiwan. ^220Visalsousedforhighpowerappliancessuchasairconditioners ^seeetymologybelow ^TheUNdoesnotconsidertheRepublicofChinaasasovereignstate.TheHDIreportdoesnotincludeTaiwanaspartofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhencalculatingmainlandChina'sfigures.[30]Taiwan'sgovernmentcalculateditsHDItobe0.907basedonUNDP's2010methodology,whichwouldrankit21st,betweenAustriaandLuxembourgintheUNlistdated14September2018.[31][32] ^Althoughthisisthepresentmeaningofguó,inOldChinese(whenitspronunciationwassomethinglike/*qʷˤək/)[51]itmeantthewalledcityoftheChineseandtheareastheycouldcontrolfromthem.[52] ^Itsuseisattestedfromthe6th-centuryClassicofHistory,whichstates"Huangtianbestowedthelandsandthepeoplesofthecentralstatetotheancestors"(皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).[53] ^Therearethreecontemporarygeographicdefinitionsof"Taiwan"(seeTaiwanesearchipelagoandRegionsofTaiwan),whichmayreferto:1.CommonnameofthestateofficiallynamedRepublicofChina,thiscontainsall166islandsadministeredbytheROC,collectivelyknownasTaiwanArea;2.Taiwanproperregion(本島地區),thegeographicalunitencompasstheislandofTaiwananditsoffshoreislandsaswellasthePenghuislands,excludingtheoutlyingislandgroupsofKinmen,Matsu,Wuqiu,andtheSouthChinaSeaislands;3.TheislandofTaiwan,thisindicatesonlythemainislandinthegeographicalunitandthestate. ^AlsoknownastheTaiwanareaorTai–Minarea(Chinese:臺閩地區;lit.'Taiwan–Fujianarea') ^ThemainlandareaconsistsofMainlandChina,Tibetand(previously)OuterMongolia ^Specialmunicipalities,cities,andcounty-administeredcitiesareallcalledshi(Chinese:市;lit.'city') ^Nominal;provincialgovernmentshavebeenabolished ^Constitutionallyhavingthesamestructureasthefreearea,thesearecurrentlyundertheChineseCommunistPartycontrolwithadifferentstructure ^Sometimescalledprovincialcities(Chinese:省轄市)todistinguishthemfromspecialmunicipalitiesandcounty-administeredcities ^Therearetwotypesoftownships:ruraltownshipsorxīang(Chinese:鄉)andurbantownshipsorzhèn(Chinese:鎮) ^Villagesinruraltownshipsareknownastsūn(Chinese:村),thoseinotherjurisdictionsareknownaslǐ(Chinese:里) Wordsinnativelanguages ^abTraditionalChinesescript:中華民國MandarinPinyin:ZhōnghuáMínguóHokkien:Tiong-hûaBîn-kokSixianHakka:Chûng-fàMìn-koet ^TraditionalChinesescript:臺灣or台灣MandarinPinyin:TáiwānHokkien:Tâi-uânSixianHakka:Tǒi-vǎnAmis:TaywanPaiwan:Taiwan References Citations ^"SincetheimplementationoftheActGoverningPrinciplesforEditingGeographicalEducationalTexts(地理敎科書編審原則)in1997,theguidingprincipleforallmapsingeographicaltextbookswasthatTaipeiwastobemarkedasthecapitalwithalabelstating:"LocationoftheCentralGovernment"".4December2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1November2019.Retrieved1November2019. 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^"IndigenousLanguagesDevelopmentAct".law.moj.gov.tw.Retrieved22May2019. ^"HakkaBasicAct".law.moj.gov.tw.Retrieved22May2019. ^ab國家語言發展法.law.moj.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved22May2019. ^TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2016.ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.2016.p. 10.ISBN 9789860499490.Retrieved31May2020.Ethnicity:Over95percentHanChinese(includingHolo,HakkaandothergroupsoriginatinginmainlandChina);2percentindigenousAustronesianpeoples ^abcde"Taiwan".TheWorldFactbook.UnitedStatesCentralIntelligenceAgency.Retrieved6May2019. ^ab"TAIWANSNAPSHOT".Retrieved15March2020. ^"StatisticsfromStatisticalBureau".NationalStatistics,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).Retrieved26September2021. ^"GeneralStatisticalanalysisreport,PopulationandHousingCensus"(PDF).NationalStatistics,ROC(Taiwan).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on26December2016.Retrieved26November2016. ^abc"WorldEconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020".IMF.org.InternationalMonetaryFund.Retrieved23October2020. ^"GDP:PreliminaryEstimatefor2020Q4andOutlookfor2021"(PDF).dgbas.gov.tw.DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics.Retrieved7May2021. ^"Percentageshareofdisposableincomebyquintilegroupsofincomerecipientsandmeasuresofincomedistribution".stat.gov.tw.Retrieved26June2019. ^abc"國情統計通報（第014號）"(PDF).DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics,ExecutiveYuan,Taiwan(ROC).21January2021.Retrieved26January2021. ^"ICANNBoardMeetingMinutes".ICANN.25June2010. ^Fell,Dafydd(2018).GovernmentandPoliticsinTaiwan.London:Routledge.p. 305.ISBN 978-1317285069.Moreover,itsstatusasavibrantdemocraticstatehasearnedithugeinternationalsympathyandagenerallypositiveimage. ^Campbell,Matthew(7January2020)."China'sNextCrisisBrewsinTaiwan'sUpcomingElection".BloombergBusinessweek.No. 4642.pp. 34–39.ISSN 0007-7135.Retrieved24September2020.MuchhaschangedinTaiwansinceChiang’sday,butthisliminalqualityhasneverreallygoneaway.Byalmostanyfunctionalstandard,it'sasovereigncountry ^"Japan'sPMreferstoTaiwanascountry,drawsfirefromChina".KyodoNews.10June2021.Retrieved25October2021.JapanesePrimeMinisterYoshihideSugareferredtoTaiwanasacountry,immediatelydrawingfireonThursdayfrommainlandChina,whichregardstheislandasarenegadeprovince. ^Kuhn,Anthony(2August2021)."AfterBeingSilentForDecades,JapanNowSpeaksUpAboutTaiwan—AndAngersChina".npr.Retrieved25October2021.'WehavetoprotectTaiwan,asademocraticcountry,'Japan'sdeputydefenseminister,YasuhideNakayama,saidinaconferenceinJune. ^WorldBankCountryandLendingGroupsArchived11January2018attheWaybackMachine,WorldBank.Retrieved10July2018. ^"IMFAdvancedEconomiesList.WorldEconomicOutlook,April2016,p.148"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on21April2016. ^"FreedomintheWorld2019".freedomhouse.org.3January2019.Retrieved22February2019. 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^abHorton,Chris(9November2021)."TheWorldIsFedUpWithChina'sBelligerence".TheAtlantic.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9November2021.Retrieved9November2021.WherethewordBeijingonceconjuredtheimageofaconfident,risingpower,todayitrepresentsafrowning,finger-pointing,never-erringcrank,itsconstantstreamofvitrioldiminishingtheeffectivenessofChineseanger.Oneoftheimplicationsofthishyperinflationofhurtfeelingshasbeentheeffectiveremovalofthedeterrentagainstdemocracies'improvingtheirunofficialrelationswithTaiwan.Afterall,ifmostmovesarelikelytoangerBeijing,whyholdbackfromanyofthem? ^abcdWood,Richard(27November2021)."WhatisbehindtheChina-Taiwandispute?".9News.NineEntertainmentCompany.Retrieved27November2021.Expertsagreeadirectconflictisunlikely,butasthefutureofself-ruledTaiwanincreasinglybecomesapowderkeg,amishapormiscalculationcouldleadtoconfrontationwhileChineseandAmericanambitionsareatodds. ^abDou,Eva(16September2019)."SolomonIslandsEndsDiplomaticTieswithTaiwan,StandsbyChina".TheWallStreetJournal.Retrieved16September2019. ^"KiribaticutstieswithTaiwanindiplomaticswitchtoChinadaysafterSolomonIslandspivot".AustralianBroadcastingCorporation.20September2019.Retrieved20September2019. ^Fell,Dafydd(2006).PartyPoliticsinTaiwan.Routledge.p. 85.ISBN 978-1-134-24021-0. ^Achen,ChristopherH.;Wang,T.Y.(2017)."TheTaiwanVoter:AnIntroduction".InAchen,ChristopherH.;Wang,T.Y.(eds.).TheTaiwanVoter.UniversityofMichiganPress.pp. 1–25.doi:10.3998/mpub.9375036.ISBN 978-0-472-07353-5.pp.1–2. ^"Chapter3:History"(PDF).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2011.GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).2011.p. 46.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on14May2012. ^"IlhaFormosa:theEmergenceofTaiwanontheWorldSceneinthe17thCentury".npm.gov.tw. ^Davidson(1903),p. 10:"ADutchnavigatingofficernamedLinschotten[sic],employedbythePortuguese,sorecordedtheislandinhischarts,andeventuallythenameofFormosa,soeuphoniousandyetappropriate,replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature." ^seeforexample: Campbell,William(1915).SketchesfromFormosa.London:MarshallBrothers.OL 7051071M. Campbell(1903) Davidson(1903) ^Valentijn(1903),p. 52. ^Mair,V.H.(2003)."HowtoForgetYourMotherTongueandRememberYourNationalLanguage".Thetruederivationofthename"Taiwan"isactuallyfromtheethnonymofatribeinthesouthwestpartoftheislandintheareaaroundPing'an.Asearlyas1636,aDutchmissionaryreferredtothisgroupasTaiouwang.Fromthenameofthetribe,thePortuguesecalledtheareaaroundPing'anasTayowan,Taiyowan,Tyovon,Teijoan,Toyouan,andsoforth.Indeed,alreadyinhisship'slogof1622,theDutchmanCornelisReijersenreferredtotheareaasTeijoanandTaiyowan. ^蔡玉仙;et al.,eds.(2007).府城文史(inChinese).TainanCityGovernment.ISBN 978-986-00-9434-3. ^ShihShou-chien,ed.(2003).福爾摩沙 :十七世紀的臺灣、荷蘭與東亞[IlhaFormosa:theEmergenceofTaiwanontheWorldSceneinthe17thCentury](inChinese).Taipei:NationalPalaceMuseum.ISBN 978-957-562-441-5. ^Kato,Mitsutaka(2007)[1940].昨日府城明星台南:發現日治下的老臺南(inChinese).Translatedby黃秉珩.臺南市文化資產保護協會.ISBN 978-957-28079-9-6. ^abcOosterhoff,J.L.(1985)."Zeelandia,aDutchcolonialcityonFormosa(1624–1662)".InRoss,Robert;Telkamp,GerardJ.(eds.).ColonialCities:EssaysonUrbanisminaColonialContext.Springer.pp. 51–62.ISBN 978-90-247-2635-6. ^Thompson(1964),p. 166. ^Thompson(1964),p. 163. ^Baxter-Sagart. ^abWilkinson,Endymion(2000),ChineseHistory:AManual,Harvard-YenchingInstituteMonographNo.52,Cambridge:HarvardUniversityAsiaCenter,p. 132,ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4 ^《尚書》,梓材.(inChinese) ^Garver,JohnW.(April1997).TheSino-AmericanAlliance:NationalistChinaandAmericanColdWarStrategyinAsia.M.E.Sharp.ISBN 978-0-7656-0025-7. ^"OfficeofPresidentoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)".Retrieved15July2015. ^"GovernmentPortaloftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)".Retrieved16June2020. ^"PresidentTsaiinterviewedbyBBC".OfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan).18January2020.Retrieved16June2020.Well,theideaisthatwedon'thaveaneedtodeclareourselvesanindependentstate.WeareanindependentcountryalreadyandwecallourselvestheRepublicofChina(Taiwan) ^abReid,Katie(18May2009)."TaiwanhopesWHOassemblywillhelpboostitsprofile".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15October2013.Retrieved11June2013. ^abcd"WhitePaper--TheOne-ChinaPrincipleandtheTaiwanIssue".EmbassyofthePRCintheKingdomofNorway.TheTaiwanAffairsOfficeandTheInformationOfficeoftheStateCouncil.21February2000.Retrieved27November2021.Aswehavealreadysaid,TaiwanisaninalienablepartofChineseterritoryand,afterreplacingthegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinain1949,thegovernmentofthePRChasbecomethesolelegalgovernmentofChina,enjoyingandexercisingsovereigntyoverthewholeofChina,includingTaiwan. ^RosemaryGillespie;RosemaryG.Gillespie;D.A.Clague(2009).EncyclopediaofIslands.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.p. 904.ISBN 978-0-520-25649-1. ^BagyoPrasetyo;TitiSurtiNastiti;TrumanSimanjuntak(2021).AUSTRONESIANDIASPORA:ANewPerspective.UGMPRESS.p. 125.ISBN 978-602-386-202-3. ^Olsen,JohnW.;Miller-Antonio,Sari(1992)."ThePalaeolithicinSouthernChina".AsianPerspectives.31(2):129–160.hdl:10125/17011. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 89–90. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 91–94. ^Diamond,JaredM(2000)."Taiwan'sgifttotheworld"(PDF).Nature.403(6771):709–710.Bibcode:2000Natur.403..709D.doi:10.1038/35001685.PMID 10693781.S2CID 4379227.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on16September2006. ^Fox,JamesJ(2004)."CurrentDevelopmentsinComparativeAustronesianStudies"(PDF).SymposiumAustronesia.UniversitasUdayana,Bali. ^abcShepherd,JohnR.(1993).StatecraftandPoliticalEconomyontheTaiwanFrontier,1600–1800.StanfordUniversityPress.pp. 7–8.ISBN 978-0-8047-2066-3.ReprintedTaipei:SMCPublishing,1995. ^Wills(2006),p. 88. ^Andrade(2008),Chapter6Note5. ^Campbell,William(1903).FormosaUndertheDutch:DescribedfromContemporaryRecords,withExplanatoryNotesandaBibliographyoftheIsland.KeganPaul,Trench,Trubner.pp. 6–7.ISBN 9789576380839. ^Andrade2008,Chapter6. ^Wills(2006),p. 98. ^"FortSanDomingo".TamsuiHistoricalMuseum.Retrieved30October2020.FortSanDomingo,locatedatthehilltopoverlookingTamsuiRiverestuary,wasestablishedbytheSpanishin1628. ^abWills(2006),p. 91. ^YanXing.臺南與鄭成功[TainanandZhengChenggong(Koxinga)].TainanLiteratureandHistoryResearchDatabase.NationalMuseumofTaiwanHistory.Retrieved12February2021.這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔...于永曆十一年（清順治十四年公元一六五七年）受永水明王封為延平王[ThenChenggong(Koxinga)resolutelyandindependentlyadvocatedforthemovementtoresisttheManchusandrestoreMing,withbasesinKinmenandXiamencontinuouslyattackedsoutheasternMin(Fujian)andZhejiang,pledgedtoservetheYoungliemperorofMing...in1657wasconferredthetitleKingofYanpingbytheYongMingemperor]. ^ab2020-2021TaiwanataGlance(PDF).Taiwan:MinistryofForeignAffairs,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).September2020.p. 14.ISBN 978-986-5447-15-1. ^Andrade(2008),PrefaceNote1:"Second,thisbookisalsoabouthowTaiwanfirstcameunderChinesepoliticalcontrol,thankstotheMingloyalistregimeofZhengChenggong." ^Wills(2006),pp. 94–95. 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