What is Linoleic Acid? - News Medical

Both linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids, which means that they possess two or more double bonds and lack several ... Weusecookiestoenhanceyourexperience.Bycontinuingtobrowsethissiteyouagreetoouruseofcookies. Moreinfo. Accept CookieSettings WhatisLinoleicAcid? DownloadPDFCopy ByDr.TomislavMeštrović,MD,Ph.D.ReviewedbyBenedetteCuffari,M.Sc. Anoverviewoffattyacids Fattyacids,whichrepresentasubstantialpartoflipidsinthehumanbody,areimportantsourcesofenergy.Fattyacidscaneitherbesaturatedorunsaturatedcarboxylicacidscontainingcarbonchainsbetween2and36carbonatomsinlength.Althoughmorethan60fattyacidshavebeenidentifiedinthebloodplasmaandtissues,onlyafractionarebiologicallyrelevant. ImageCredit:UGREEN3S/Shutterstock.com Thelargebodyofepidemiologicalevidenceabouttotalfatcontent,fattyacidsandhumanhealthshowthatmajorgroupsoffattyacidsareassociatedwithdiversehealtheffects.Whenthedietlacksadequateamountsofspecificfattyacids,deficiencysymptomswillariseasspecificclinicalentities.Conversely,increasedcontentofsaturatedfattyacidsmayresultindyslipidemia. Thetwomainfattyacidsthatareessentialinthedietarelinoleicacid,whichisotherwisereferredtoasomega-6,andalpha-linolenicacid,oromega-3.Bothlinoleicandalpha-linolenicacidsarepolyunsaturatedfattyacids,whichmeansthattheypossesstwoormoredoublebondsandlackseveralhydrogenatomsthatareotherwisefoundinsaturatedfattyacids. Metabolismoflinoleicacid Linoleicacidmaintainstheskin'simpermeabilitytowater;however,toexertitsothereffectsonthebody,linoleicacidmustundergospecificmetabolicprocesses.Thefirststepinthemetabolismoflinoleicacidisconvertedtogama-linolenicacidbydelta-6-desaturation.Gama-linolenicacidissubsequentlyconvertedtodihomo-gamma-linolenicacid,whichisinturnconvertedtoarachidonicacid. Arachidonicacidcanformprostaglandinsandthromboxanes,whicharehormone-likelipidsthatpromotebloodclotting,induceinflammationandcausesmoothmusclecontraction.Inanalternativepathway,arachidonicacidcanalsoformleukotrienes,whichareoneofthemostpotentinflammatoryagentsinthehumanbody. Thenecessityofmetabolismforisreflectedbytheincreasingpotencyofeachsubstancethatiseventuallyformedbythisessentialfattyacid.Therefore,toachieveafullrangeofactivities,linoleicacidmustbemetabolizedtoothersubstances,whichallowsthisfattyacidtoalsobeconsideredanalogoustoprovitamins. RelatedStoriesLipids,COVID-19,andhostimmunityStabilizingmutationsinSARS-CoV-2immunogensimprovevaccinedesignFattyacidbindingsiteonSARS-CoV-2spiketriggersspikemonomercrosstalkthatiskeytoinfectivityIninfants,delta-6-desaturaseistooimmaturetoprovidethedesiredmetabolismoflinoleicacid,whichisthereasonwhyhumanmilkcontainsgamma-linoleicacid,dihomo-gamma-linoleicacid,andarachidonicacid.Incontrast,conventionalinfantformulasonlyprovidelinoleicandalpha-linolenicacid,whichcanleadtoadeficiencystateinformula-fedinfants. Healthbenefitsofconjugatedlinoleicacids Conjugatedlinoleicacids(CLAs)referstoaheterogeneousgroupofconstitutionalandgeometricisomersoflinoleicacid,whicharepredominantlyfoundinmilk,milkproducts,meat,andmeatproductsofruminants.TheeffectofCLAsonhumanhealthoriginallybecamethesubjectofinterestafteronestudydemonstratedtheirinhibitoryeffectsonmouseepidermalneoplasia. CLAscanprovokeawidespectrumofbeneficialeffectsinvariousinvitroandinvivomodelsofdisease.However,somestudieshavereportedambiguousorharmfuleffectsofCLAsupplementation.Additionally,thereislessevidencethathasbeencollectedfromdirectstudiesonhumans;therefore,carefulconsiderationandfurtherinvestigationarewarranted. ImageCredit:DanijelaMaksimovic/Shutterstock.com ResearchhasshownthatCLAshaveasignificantinhibitoryeffectontheestablishmentandprogressionofatherosclerosisinanimalmodels.Bothlow-densitylipoprotein(LDL)cholesteroltohigh-densitylipoprotein(HDL)cholesterol,aswellastotalcholesteroltoHDLcholesterolratios,arereducedwhenCLAsarefedtothetestanimals. ThereisalsoproofthatCLAsblockthegrowthandspreadofmalignanttumors,primarilybyinfluencingcellreplicationandmechanismsofcarcinogenesis.CLAshavealsobeenfoundtoincreasetheformationofmineralizedbonesinseveralexperiments. Ontheotherhand,CLAshavealsobeenfoundtoinduceinsulinresistanceandfattyliver.Theseresultstherebypointtotheneedtoconductamoredetailedinvestigationintothecomplexnetworkofanti-obesityregulatorypathwaystoimprovetheunderstandingofhowexactlyCLAscanaffectbodyweightcontrol. RecommendedCLAdailyintakeiscurrentlybetween0.35and1gram(g)perday.MorecontrolledstudiesofCLAusageindefinedpopulationsareneeded,aspossiblehealthconsequencesofprolongedtreatmentperiodsareunknownatthemoment.Mutualcomparisonsofdifferentandwell-definedmixturesofisomersarealsoessentialtosecurelong-termeffectsandsafety. References http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C03/E6-54-03-05.pdf http://umm.edu/system-hospital-sites/shore-health/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega6-fatty-acids http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/57/5/732S.long http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/6/1/36 VanNieuwenhoveCP,TeránV,GonzálezSN.ConjugatedLinoleicandLinolenicAcidProductionbyBacteria:DevelopmentofFunctionalFoods.In:RigobeloEC,ed.Probiotics.InTech,2012;pp.55-80. ChowCK.FattyAcidsinFoodsandTheirHealthImplications,2ndEdition.CRCPress,1999;pp.17-46. FurtherReadingAllLinoleicAcidContentOilsRichinLinoleicAcidDifferencesbetweenSafflowerOilandConjugatedLinoleicAcid LastUpdated:Mar17,2021 WrittenbyDr.TomislavMeštrovićDr.TomislavMeštrovićisamedicaldoctor(MD)withaPh.D.inbiomedicalandhealthsciences,specialistinthefieldofclinicalmicrobiology,andanAssistantProfessoratCroatia'syoungestuniversity-UniversityNorth.Inadditiontohisinterestinclinical,researchandlecturingactivities,hisimmensepassionformedicalwritingandscientificcommunicationgoesbacktohisstudentdays.Heenjoyscontributingbacktothecommunity.Inhissparetime,Tomislavisamoviebuffandanavidtraveler. DownloadPDFCopy CitationsPleaseuseoneofthefollowingformatstocitethisarticleinyouressay,paperorreport:APAMeštrović,Tomislav.(2021,March17).WhatisLinoleicAcid?.News-Medical.RetrievedonApril16,2022fromhttps://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Linoleic-Acid.aspx.MLAMeštrović,Tomislav."WhatisLinoleicAcid?".News-Medical.16April2022..ChicagoMeštrović,Tomislav."WhatisLinoleicAcid?".News-Medical.https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Linoleic-Acid.aspx.(accessedApril16,2022).HarvardMeštrović,Tomislav.2021.WhatisLinoleicAcid?.News-Medical,viewed16April2022,https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Linoleic-Acid.aspx. SuggestedReading HowtheSARS-CoV-2Omicronvariantspikeproteinischanging Comments TheopinionsexpressedherearetheviewsofthewriteranddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandopinionsofNewsMedical. 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