The NPU format for clinical laboratory science reports ...

Patient(Urine)–Glucose; substance rate(procedure) = 8 mmol/day. The term “procedure” refers to the examination procedure. As the scale will ... Skiptocontent × Yourpurchasehasbeencompleted.Yourdocumentsarenowavailabletoview. PubliclyAvailable PublishedbyDeGruyter November8,2014 TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport) GeorgesFérardandRenéDybkaer FromthejournalPureandAppliedChemistry https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0920 Citethis AbstractTheterminologyofNPU(nomenclatureforpropertiesandunits)aimsatdescribingpropertiesexaminedinclinicallaboratoriesforapatient.Itwasoriginallyjointlyapprovedin1966byIUPACandbytheInternationalFederationofClinicalChemistry(IFCC)andcoversmultipledisciplinesinthefieldofclinicallaboratorysciences,includingclinicalallergology,clinicalchemistry,clinicalhaematology,clinicalimmunologyandbloodbanking,clinicalmicrobiology,clinicalpharmacology,molecularbiologyandgenetics,reproductionandfertility,thrombosisandhaemostasis,andtoxicology.TheNPUterminologyadherestointernationalstandardsofmetrologyandofterminology,inparticulartheInternationalSystemofQuantities(ISQ)andInternationalSystemofUnits(SI),theInternationalVocabularyofMetrology(VIM),andalsoto‘Anoutlineforavocabularyofnominalpropertiesandexaminations–basicandgeneralconceptsandassociatedterms,’recentlypreparedonbehalfoftheIFCC-IUPACCommittee-SubcommitteeonNomenclatureforPropertiesandUnits.Thepresentdocumentrecallsthedefinitionsoftheconceptsusedtoexpressapropertyofapatient,regardedasasystem.TheaimistopromotebythiscomprehensivesummarytheproperNPUterminologyforreliableexchangeofpatientexaminationdata.TheuseofthissyntaxandofSIunitsenablesthetranslationofthesedescriptionsintootherlanguageswithoutlossofmeaningoraccuracy.TheNPUformatisalsowelladaptedforcomparativeandepidemiologicalstudies.Moreinformationwillbefoundintheupcoming2ndeditionoftheCompendiumofTerminologyandNomenclatureofPropertiesinClinicalLaboratorySciences,theIUPACandIFCC‘SilverBook’,andintherecentlypublished‘Propertiesandunitsintheclinicallaboratorysciences.PartXXIII.TheNPUterminology,principles,andimplementation:Auser’sguide(IUPACTechnicalReport)’(DOI:10.1351/PAC-REP-11-05-03).Keywords:clinicallaboratorysciences;IFCCScientificDivision;IUPACChemistryandHumanHealthDivision;nomenclatureforpropertiesandunits;NPUterminology1DefinitionsofbasicconceptsusedintheNPUformatTheterminographyusedintheexamplesbelowadherestotheNPUformatwhereeachofthethreemainelementsofapropertytermmaybeaugmentedbyaparentheticspecification,followingwithoutprecedingspace: System(specification)–Component(specification);kind-of-property(specification)=nominalpropertyvalueorquantityvalueandunitasappropriate.system:partorphenomenonoftheperceivableorconceivableworldconsistingofademarcatedarrangementofasetofcomponentsandasetofrelationsorprocessesbetweenthesecomponents(modifiedfromref.[1])Inhumanbiology,itmaybethepatientorabodypartofthepatientortheimmediatesurroundings,e.g.person,blood,urine,kidney,betacellsofthepancreas,Exhaledair.IntheNPUformat,theinitialletterofthetermforasystemisacapitalletter.component:partofasystem[1]Thecomponentmaybeaphysicalpartofthesystem,achemicalorbiochemicalcompound,oraprocess;e.g.,calculus,glucose,intestinalabsorption,cortisolsecretion.IntheNPUformat,theinitialletterofthetermforacomponentisacapitalletter.kind-of-property:aspectcommontomutuallycomparableproperties[modifiedref.1,2]Thetermofthisconceptishyphenatedtoemphasizethatitisasingleterm.Examplesarenumberconcentration(C),volume(V),amount-of-substance(n),substanceconcentration(c),catalytic-activityconcentration(b),taxon,sequencevariation.dedicatedkind-of-property:kind-of-propertywithgivensortofsystemandanypertinentsortsofcomponent[1] Patient–Glucose;substanceconcentration(procedure)Patient–;massInthelastexample,nocomponentisrelevant.property:inherentstate-orprocess-descriptivefeatureofasystemincludinganypertinentcomponents[1] Patient(Urine)–Glucose;substancerate(procedure)=8mmol/day.Theterm“procedure”referstotheexaminationprocedure.Asthescalewilldependonthelocalprocedure,thisprocedureshouldbeindicatedinthereport.Firsteffortsatthestandardizationofdatatransmissioninclinicallaboratoriesconcernedquantities,i.e.thosepropertiesthathaveamagnitude,mostlyexpressedbyanumberandaunit[3].However,manyimportantpropertiesofaclassificatorynaturesuchasspeciesofmicrobesorgeneticstructureareinherentlydevoidofmagnitude[4].Insuchacase,thesuperordinateconcept‘property’canbegenericallydividedintofivetypesofpropertyaccordingtoalgebraiccharacteristics[1]: nominalproperty:propertydefinedbyanexaminationprocedure,thatcanbecomparedforidentitywithanotherpropertyofthesamekind-of-property,buthasnomagnitude[modifiedref.1]. Urine–Neurolepticdrug;taxon(procedure)=chlorpromazine.ordinalproperty,ordinalquantity:property,definedbyanexaminationprocedure,havingamagnitudeandthatcanbestatedonlytobelesserthan,equalto,orgreaterthananotherpropertyofthesamekind-of-property[1] Urine–Bilirubins;arbitraryconcentration(procedure)=2.Theplural“bilirubins”indicatesthesumoftheneutralandionicformsofbilirubin.differentialproperty,differentialquantity:propertyhavingamagnitudeandthatcanbesubtractedfrom,butcannotbedividedby,anotherpropertyofthesamekind-of-property[1] Patient–Rectum;Celsiustemperature=36.5°C.logarithmicdifferentialpropertyisusedwhenthemeasurementscaleconsistsoflogarithmicvalues Urine–;pH=6.1.rationalproperty,rationalquantity:propertyhavingamagnitudeandthatcanbedividedbyanotherpropertyofthesamekind-of-property[1] Blood–Erythrocytes;volumefraction=0.41=41%.quantity:propertyofaphenomenon,body,orsubstance,wherethepropertyhasamagnitudethatcanbeexpressedbyanumberandareference[5]Areferencemaybeameasurementunit,ameasurementprocedure,areferencematerial,oracombinationofsuch.kind-of-quantity:aspectcommontomutuallycomparablequantities([5]butwithouthyphensintheterm)Eachkind-of-quantitymaybedesignatedbyatermorasymbol,e.g.,length(l),andmassconcentration(ρ).Agivenkind-of-quantitymayhavesynonyms;e.g.,relativemolecularmassandmolecularweight(deprecatedbytheISO),andalsosynonymoussymbols;e.g.,AandSforarea.Agivensymbolissometimesusedfordifferentkinds-of-quantity;e.g.,Aistherecognizedsymbolforarea,nucleonnumber,Helmholtzfreeenergy,affinityofchemicalreaction,andabsorbance.Theconceptsheretermed“kinds-of-quantity”aregenerallytermed“quantity”byCGPM[6],BIPM[5],andISO/IEC80000-1[7].quantityofdimensionone,alsotermed“dimensionlessquantity”:quantityforwhichalltheexponentsofthefactorscorrespondingtothebasequantitiesinitsquantitydimensionarezero[5]:L0M0T0I0Θ0N0J0 = 1Quantitiesofdimensiononemaybedividedaccordingtotheirkind-of-quantityintofractions,ratios,andrelativekinds-of-quantity: fraction:quotientoftwoidenticalkinds-of-quantity,forwhichthenumeratorkind-of-quantityrelatestoacomponentBandthedenominatorkind-of-quantityrelatestothegivensystem Erythrocytes(Blood)–Reticulocytes;numberfraction=6×10–3=0.6%=6‰.ISO/IEC80000-1acceptspercent(percentintheGreenBook)withthesymbol%forthesubmultipleunit0.01,andpermille(permilleintheGreenBook)withthesymbol‰forthesubmultipleunit0.001.ratio:quotientoftwoidenticalkinds-of-quantity,forwhichthenumeratorkind-of-quantityrelatestoacomponentBandthedenominatorkind-of-quantitytoanothercomponentofthesamesystem,commonlytreatedasareferencecomponent Sweat(specification)–Sodiumion/Potassiumion;substanceratio=3.80=380%.relativekind-of-quantity:quotientoftwoidenticalkinds-of-quantity,commonlytwokinds-of-quantityrelatedtodifferentsystems,thesecondbeingareferencesystem Plasma–CoagulationfactorXI;relativesubstanceconcentration(immunological;actual/norm;procedure)=0.80=80%.arbitrarykind-of-quantity:kind-of-quantityoutsidetheISQThereisnodimensionorSIunitinvolved. Thrombocytes(Blood)–Aggregation,collagen-induced;arbitraryactivity(normal;lightlyweakened;weakened;utmostweakened;procedure)=lightlyweakened.Thisexampleisalsoanordinalquantity.2Generalitiesconcerningkinds-of-quantityandunits‘Kinds-of-quantity’areusedtoclassifyquantitiesofthesamekind.Quantitiesofthesamekindwithinagivensystemofquantitieshavethesamedimension.Differentkinds-of-quantitycanalsohavethesamedimension: Substancecontent(nB/msystem)andmolality(nB/msolvent)bothhavethedimensionNM–1andthecoherentSIunitmolkg–1.2.1Basekinds-of-quantityintheISQ,theirdimensions,andtheirunitsintheSIAbasekind-of-quantityisonethatisconventionallyacceptedasbeingindependentofotherbasekinds-of-quantityinasystemofkinds-of-quantity.Theremainingkinds-of-quantityarederivedandarerelatedtobaseorderivedunits.Toeachbasekind-of-quantityoftheISQisassignedadimensionrepresentedbyasans-serifcapital-lettersymbol(exceptfornumberofentities)(Table1).Forexample,thedimensionofamount-of-substanceisrepresentedbyN.Numberofentitiescanberegardedasabasekind-of-quantity[5,§1.4note3;9,part1,§3.4note3]andthenumberone(symbol1)asabaseunit[5,§1.10note3].Table1Basekinds-of-quantity,baseunits,andtheirdimensionalsymbolsoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI).Basekind-of-quantityBaseunitDimensionTermSymbolTermSymbolSymbolNumber(ofentities)NOne11LengthlMetremLMassmKilogramkgMTimetSecondsTElectricalcurrentIAmpereAIThermodynamictemperatureTKelvinKΘAmount-of-substancenMolemolNLuminousintensityIvCandelacdJAmount-of-substanceshouldnotbetermed“numberofmoles.”Theamount-of-substancedoesnotequalnumberofentities,butisproportionaltonumberofspecifiedentitiesthatmaybeatoms,molecules,ions,electrons,otherparticles,orgroupsofsuchparticles[6]. Urine–Nitrogen(N);amount-of-substance(procedure)=360mmol.TherelationshipisgovernedbytheAvogadroconstant(symbolNAorL):nB = NB/NA = NB/LTheabbreviationof“amount-of-substance”inderivedkind-of-quantitytermsis“am.s.”intheIUPACandIFCCSilverBook[8]andintheNPUformat,but“amount”intheIUPACGreenBook[9].2.2Symbolsofderivedkinds-of-quantity,coherentderivedSIunits,andquantitydimensionsStrivingformonosemy,i.e.onesymbolonlyrelatestooneconcept,singlelettersaresometimesmodifiedbysubscripts,superscripts,ordifferentfonts,e.g.,Aristhesymbolforrelativeatomicmass(atomicweight),andAmisthatformolarradioactivity.Nisthedimensionalsymbolofamount-of-substance,andNisthesymboloftheunitnewton.TheunitdegreeCelsiusissymbolized°C,andaCelsiustemperatureisgiven,e.g.,as37°C(not37,37°C,37°C,or37C).Theterm“katal”andsymbol“kat”forthe‘coherentderivedunitofcatalyticactivity’havebeenrecognizedbyIUPAC,IFCC,InternationalUnionofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology(IUBMB),WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),andGeneralConferenceonWeightsandMeasures(CGPM)[6].IUPACandIFCC[10]recommendedthattheenzymeunit,internationalunitU,beprogressivelyreplacedbysubmultiplesofthekatalwhere 1U=1μmol/min≈16.67nkatPlasma–Aspartatetransaminase;catalytic-activityconcentration(IFCC2002)=2.2×10–6kat/L=2.2μkat/L.Aspecificationregardingthemeasurementprocedureusedisnecessarywhencatalyticactivityisinvolved,here‘IFCC2002’.IfthesymbolUisused,itmustnotbeconfusedwiththesymbolIU(meaningInternationalUnit,alsoabbreviatedint.unit),whichisthesymbolusedbytheWHOandmentionedintheSIBrochure[6]inexpressingbiologicalactivityofcertainsubstancesthatcannotyetbedefinedintermsoftheSI: Plasma–Insulin;arbitrarysubstanceconcentration(IRP66/304;procedure)=120×10–3IU/L,whereIRPstandsforinternationalreferencepreparationoftheWHO.2.3Non-SIunitsSeveralnon-SIunitsarewidelyusedinclinicallaboratorysciencesandhavecorrespondingvaluesinSIunits(Table2).Table2SomederivedunitsoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)withspecialtermsorsymbols.Kind-of-quantityTermforunitSymbolforunitExpressionintermsofSIcoherentunitLengthÅngströmÅ=0.1×10–9mVolumeLitre*L,l=10–3m3MassDalton*Da=1.660538921(73)×10–27kgTimeMinute*min=60sHour*h=3600sDay*d=86.4×103sWeekwk=604.8×103sYear(tropical)a≈31.556952×106sPressureMillimetreofwatermmH2O=9.80665PaMillimetreofmercurymmHg≈133.322PaBarbar=105Pa*Non-SIunitacceptedbyCGPMforusewiththeInternationalSystemofUnits[6].TheunmarkedentrieshavenoofficialsanctionfromCIPMorCGPM[6].ThesymbolforlitreiseitherLorl.ISOandIECpreferl,becausetheterm“litre”isnotderivedfromthepropernameofaperson.Lispreferredheretoavoidconfusionwiththenumeral1[5,6].Daltonisalsotermedunifiedatomicmassunit(symbolu);inTable2,itsstandarduncertaintyisindicatedintheparentheses.3PrefixesformultiplesandsubmultiplesofunitsPrefixesdenotingdecimalfactors10nhavebeendefined[6](Table3).Forconvenience,theCommissiononClinicalChemistryofIUPACandIFCCrecommendedapreferenceintheclinicallaboratoryfordecimalfactorswithdecimalprefixesinstepsofafactor1000[3].Thisselectionofadecimalprefixoftenpermitsnumericalresultstobereportedwithanumericalvalueintherecommendedintervalbetween0.1and999.Formostpurposes,theprefixeshecto,deca,deci,andcenticanbeavoided,thoughtheyhaveequallegalstanding.Table3SIprefixesdenotingmultiplesofunitsandsubmultiplesofunits.Thevariablenisthedecimalexponentofthefactor.Prefixwithn≥1Prefixwithn≤–1TermSymbolnTermSymbolnYottaY24Decid–1ZettaZ21Centic–2ExaE18Millim–3PetaP15Microμ–6TeraT12Nanon–9GigaG9Picop–12MegaM6Femtof–15Kilok3Attoa–18Hectoh2Zeptoz–21Decada1Yoctoy–24Theprefixsymbolandtheunitsymbolarecombinedwithoutanyspace;asecondprefixshouldbeavoided;e.g.,forpicogramusepg,notpgorμμg.Inunitswithanumeratorandadenominator,multipleandsubmultipleshallbeinthenumerator;e.g.,thenumberconcentrationofthrombocytesinbloodshouldbeexpressedas215×109/L(not215×106/mL)andthesubstanceconcentrationofarsenicinurineshouldbeexpressedas41nmol/L(not0.041nmol/mL).Capitallettersareusedforthepositivepowersequaltoorgreaterthanmega.Thisavoidstheconfusionbetweenmega(symbolM)andmilli(symbolm),betweenpeta(symbolP)andpico(symbolp),andbetweenzetta(symbolZ)andzepto(symbolz).4TerminologicalrulesoftheNPUToavoidmisunderstandings,asetofrulesisneededfortransmissionofdataonproperties: Thesymbolforakind-of-quantityisasingleletter(GreekorLatin),printedinitalic,withveryfewexceptions,forexample,pH.Foreachkind-of-quantity,thereisonlyonecoherentSIunit.However,thesameSIunitmaybeusedtoexpressthevaluesofquantitieswithdifferentkinds-of-quantity.Therefore,aunitcannotidentifythekind-of-quantity;e.g.,volumicmassandmassconcentrationusekg/L,soboththeunitandthekind-of-quantitymustbestated(seetheNPUformatabove).Thesymbolforaunitisrepresentedbyone,two,orthreeuprightlower-caseletters,exceptiftheunitistermedafteraperson;e.g.,AandKforampereandkelvin,respectively,andthespecialcaseofLforlitre.Thetermisstillwrittenwithaninitiallower-caseletter.Intheclinicallaboratory,inexpressionsofvolume,thelitreanditssubmultiplesarepreferredtocubicmetreanditssubmultiples.Thesystematictermforacomponentshouldnotbeabbreviated,becauseabbreviationsarenotinternationallyaccepted.IntheNPUformat,theinitialletterofthecomponentisacapitalletter,exceptforsomeprefixes;e.g.,T4shouldbereplacedbyThyroxineandα-Amylaseiscorrect.Bacteria,viruses,fungi,plants,andanimalsincludingparasitesshouldbedesignatedbytheirtaxonomicterm.Termsforgenera,species,andsubspeciesareprintedinitalic;termsforordersandfamilies,andforstrainsorraces,areprintedinromanscript;however,theIFCCdatabankusesromanscriptthroughoutforconvenience[11]: Urine(catheter)–Bacterium,nitriteproducing;numberconcentration(procedure)=2.3×106/L.Expectoration–Bacterium;taxon=Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.Thesystemandanymodifiersmaybeabbreviated;e.g.,Pt,B,P,U,a,f,vforpatient,blood,plasma,urine,arterial,fasting,andvenous,respectively.AnNPUcodeNPUXXXXXusestheNPUformatforeachofthe16000entriesintheNPUdatabank[11,12].Thiscodeiswelladaptedtoelectronichealthrecordsorlaboratoryadministrativesystems. NPU10547Pt–Insulin(administered);substancecontent(i.v.;amount-of-substance/bodymass)=0.3μmol/kg.5MembershipofsponsoringbodiesMembershipoftheIUPACChemistryandHumanHealthDivisionCommitteefortheperiod2014–2015isasfollows:President:T.Perun(USA);VicePresident:R.Cornelis(Belgium);Secretary:M.Schwenk(Germany);TitularMembers:E.Differding(Belgium);J.Fischer(Hungary);V.Gubala(Slovakia);P.Illing(UK);L.Johnston(Canada);H.MøllerJohannessen(Denmark);W.A.Temple(NewZealand);AssociateMembers:V.Abbate(UK);M.Kiilunen(Finland);Y.C.Martin(USA);S.Mignani(France);D.Rotella(USA);NationalRepresentatives:S.Alihodžić(Croatia);S.Bachurin(Russia);B.Haug(Norway);R.J.-R.Hwu(China/Taipei);R.Leurs(Netherlands);N.Nahar(Bangladesh);P.Ploypradith(Thailand);A.Rahatgoanker(India);G.B.Teh(Malaysia);M.-X.Wang(China/Beijing).MembershipoftheIFCCScientificDivisionfortheperiod2014–2015isasfollows:President:I.Young(UK);VicePresident:P.Gillery(France);Secretary:G.Myers(USA);TitularMembers:C.M.Cobbaert(Netherlands);N.Hamasaki(Japan);G.Merlini(Italy);CorporaterepresentativesandConsultants:J.Passarelli(USA);H.Schimmel(Belgium);D.Bunk(USA);M.M.Müller(Austria).Correspondingauthor:GeorgesFérard,7RuedesJardinsFleuris,Strasbourg,France,e-mail:georges.ferard@noos.frAcknowledgmentsThispaperisanextensionofthejointIFCC-IUPACproject#2007-033-3-700.TheauthorswishtothankfortheknowledgeablesupportofthemembersoftheC-SC-NPU(IFCC&IUPAC):IvanBruunshuus(Alleroed,Denmark);PedrodeAraujo(SaoPaulo,Brazil);RobertFlatman(Chair,Taringa,Australia);UrbanForsum(Linköping,Sweden);GilbertHill(Toronto,Canada);AntoninJabor(Kladno,CzechRepublic);JensGledisch(Oslo,Norway);HelleJohannessen(Copenhagen,Denmark);DanielKarlsson(Linköping,Sweden);WolfKülpmann(Hannover,Germany);UllaMagdalPetersen(Copenhagen,Denmark);ClementMcDonald(Indianapolis,USA);GunnarNordin(Uppsala,Sweden);HenrikOlesen†(Copenhagen,Denmark);FrançoisePontet[†](Paris,France);GuntherSchadow(Indianapolis,USA);andKaoruYamanouchi(Tokyo,Japan).References[1]R.Dybkaer.AnOntologyonPropertyforPhysical,Chemical,andBiologicalSystems,IUPAC(2009).doi:10.1351/978-87-990010-1-9(accessedSeptember2014).10.1351/978-87-990010-1-9SearchinGoogleScholar[2]U.MagdalPetersen,R.Dybkær,H.Olesen.PureAppl.Chem.84,137(2012).SearchinGoogleScholar[3]R.Dybkær,K.Jørgensen,(InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,andInternationalFederationofClinicalChemistry,CommissiononClinicalChemistry).QuantitiesandUnitsinClinicalChemistryincludingRecommendation1966,Munksgaard,København(1967).SearchinGoogleScholar[4]G.Nordin,R.Dybkaer,U.Forsum,X.Fuentes-Arderiu,G.Schadow,F.Pontet.Clin.Chem.Lab.Med.48,1553(2010)(underrevision).10.1515/CCLM.2010.325SearchinGoogleScholar[5]BIPM.InternationalVocabularyofMetrology–BasicandGeneralConceptsandAssociatedTerms(VIM),3rded.,BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Geneva(2008);JCGM200:2012athttp://www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.This3rdeditionisalsopublishedasISOGuide99byISO(ISO/IECGuide99)(2007).SearchinGoogleScholar[6]CGPM.LeSystèmeInternationald’Unités(SI),BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Sèvres,8thFrenchandEnglished.(2006);commonlycalledtheBIPMSIBrochure(underrevision).SearchinGoogleScholar[7]ISO/IEC80000.QuantitiesandUnits(2006–2009),14parts.SearchinGoogleScholar[8]IUPAC,IFCC.CompendiumofTerminologyandNomenclatureofPropertiesinClinicalLaboratorySciences(the“SilverBook”).PreparedforpublicationbyJ.C.Rigg,S.S.Brown,R.Dybkær,H.Olesen,BlackwellScientificPublications,Oxford(1995)(underrevision).SearchinGoogleScholar[9]IUPAC.Quantities,UnitsandSymbolsinPhysicalChemistry,3rded.,3rdprinting(the“GreenBook”).PreparedforpublicationbyE.R.Cohen,T.Cvitaš,J.G.Frey,B.Holmström,K.Kuchitsu,R.Marquardt,I.Mills,F.Pavese,M.Quack,J.Stohner,H.L.Strauss,M.Takami,A.J.Thor,RSCPublishing,Cambridge,UK(2011).SearchinGoogleScholar[10]R.Dybkær.IUPACSectiononClinicalChemistry,CommissiononQuantitiesandUnitsinClinicalChemistry,IFCCCommitteeonStandards,ExpertPanelonQuantitiesandUnitsinClinicalChemistry.ApprovedRecommendation(1978).Clin.Chim.Acta96,157F(1979).10.1016/0009-8981(79)90065-2SearchinGoogleScholar[11]IFCC.Nomenclature,PropertiesandUnits(C-NPU)inCollaborationwithInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC).http://www.ifcc.org/ifcc-scientific-division/sd-committees/c-npu/(accessedSeptember2014).SearchinGoogleScholar[12]Danishreleasecenter:http://www.labterm.dk/Enterprise%20Portal/NPU_download.aspx(accessedSeptember2014).SearchinGoogleScholarNoteRepublicationorreproductionofthisreportoritsstorageand/ordisseminationbyelectronicmeansispermittedwithouttheneedforformalIUPACorDeGruyterpermissiononconditionthatanacknowledgment,withfullreferencetothesource,alongwithuseofthecopyrightsymbol©,thenameIUPAC,thenameDeGruyter,andtheyearofpublication,areprominentlyvisible.PublicationofatranslationintoanotherlanguageissubjecttotheadditionalconditionofpriorapprovalfromtherelevantIUPACNationalAdheringOrganizationandDeGruyter.Received:2013-9-24Accepted:2014-4-9PublishedOnline:2014-11-8PublishedinPrint:2014-12-1©2014IUPAC&DeGruyter × Article TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport) GeorgesFérard,RenéDybkaer 2014 MLA APA Harvard Chicago Vancouver Férard,GeorgesandDybkaer,René."TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport)"PureandAppliedChemistry,vol.86,no.12,2014,pp.1923-1930.https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0920 Férard,G.&Dybkaer,R.(2014).TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport).PureandAppliedChemistry,86(12),1923-1930.https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0920 Férard,G.andDybkaer,R.(2014)TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport).PureandAppliedChemistry,Vol.86(Issue12),pp.1923-1930.https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0920 Férard,GeorgesandDybkaer,René."TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport)"PureandAppliedChemistry86,no.12(2014):1923-1930.https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0920 FérardG,DybkaerR.TheNPUformatforclinicallaboratorysciencereportsregardingproperties,units,andsymbols(IUPACTechnicalReport).PureandAppliedChemistry.2014;86(12):1923-1930.https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0920 Copytoclipboard BibTeX EndNote RIS Copiedtoclipboard × SupplementaryMaterials × PleaseloginorregisterwithDeGruytertoorderthisproduct. 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