Software as a service - Wikipedia

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Software as a service (SaaS /sæs/) is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted. Softwareasaservice FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Hostedsoftwareaccessedbysubscription "SaaS"redirectshere.NottobeconfusedwithSecurityasaservice. Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Softwareasaservice" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(December2017)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Someofthisarticle'slistedsourcesmaynotbereliable.Pleasehelpthisarticlebylookingforbetter,morereliablesources.Unreliablecitationsmaybechallengedordeleted.(November2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Softwareasaservice(SaaS/sæs/[1])isasoftwarelicensinganddeliverymodelinwhichsoftwareislicensedonasubscriptionbasisandiscentrallyhosted.[2][3]SaaSisalsoknownas"on-demandsoftware"andWeb-based/Web-hostedsoftware.[4] SaaSisconsideredtobepartofcloudcomputing,alongwithinfrastructureasaservice(IaaS),[5]platformasaservice(PaaS),desktopasaservice(DaaS),managedsoftwareasaservice(MSaaS),mobilebackendasaservice(MBaaS),datacenterasaservice(DCaaS),integrationplatformasaservice(iPaaS),andinformationtechnologymanagementasaservice(ITMaaS).[citationneeded] SaaSappsaretypicallyaccessedbyusersusingathinclient,e.g.viaawebbrowser.SaaSbecameacommondeliverymodelformanybusinessapplications,includingofficesoftware,messagingsoftware,payrollprocessingsoftware,DBMSsoftware,managementsoftware,CADsoftware,developmentsoftware,gamification,virtualization,[6]accounting,collaboration,customerrelationshipmanagement(CRM),managementinformationsystems(MIS),enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP),invoicing,fieldservicemanagement,humanresourcemanagement(HRM),talentacquisition,learningmanagementsystems,contentmanagement(CM),geographicinformationsystems(GIS),andservicedeskmanagement.[7] SaaShasbeenincorporatedintothestrategyofnearlyallenterprisesoftwarecompanies.[8][9] Contents 1History 2Distributionandpricing 3Architecture 4VerticalvshorizontalSaaS 5Characteristics 5.1Configurationandcustomization 5.2Acceleratedfeaturedelivery 5.3Openintegrationprotocols 5.4Collaborative(and"social")functionality 5.5OpenSaaS 6Adoptiondrivers 7Adoptionchallenges 7.1Healthcareapplications 8Dataescrow 9Criticism 10Seealso 11References History[edit] Centralizedhostingofbusinessapplicationsdatesbacktothe1960s.Startinginthatdecade,IBMandothermainframecomputerprovidersconductedaservicebureaubusiness,oftenreferredtoastime-sharingorutilitycomputing.Suchservicesincludedofferingcomputingpoweranddatabasestoragetobanksandotherlargeorganizationsfromtheirworldwidedatacenters.[10] TheexpansionoftheInternetduringthe1990sbroughtaboutanewclassofcentralizedcomputing,calledapplicationserviceproviders(ASP).ASPsprovidedbusinesseswiththeserviceofhostingandmanagingspecializedbusinessapplications,toreducecoststhroughcentraladministrationandtheprovider'sspecializationinaparticularbusinessapplication.TwoofthelargestASPswereUSI,whichwasheadquarteredintheWashington,DCarea,andFuturelinkCorporation,headquarteredinIrvine,California.[11] SoftwareasaserviceessentiallyextendstheideaoftheASPmodel.Thetermsoftwareasaservice(SaaS),however,iscommonlyusedinmorespecificsettings: WhilemostinitialASPsfocusedonmanagingandhostingthird-partyindependentsoftwarevendors'software,asof2012[update]SaaSvendorstypicallydevelopandmanagetheirownsoftware.[12] WhereasmanyinitialASPsofferedmoretraditionalclient-serverapplications,whichrequireinstallationofsoftwareonusers'personalcomputers,laterimplementationscanbeWebapplicationswhichonlyrequireawebbrowsertouse.[13] WhereasthesoftwarearchitectureusedbymostinitialASPsmandatedmaintainingaseparateinstanceoftheapplicationforeachbusiness,asof2012[update]SaaSservicescanutilizeamulti-tenantarchitecture,inwhichtheapplicationservesmultiplebusinessesandusers,andpartitionsitsdataaccordingly.[citationneeded] TheacronymfirstappearedinthegoodsandservicesdescriptionofaUSPTOtrademark,filedonSeptember23,1985.[14]DbaaS(Databaseasaservice)hasemergedasasub-varietyofSaaS[15]andisatypeofclouddatabase. MicrosoftreferredtoSaaSas"softwareplusservices"forafewyears.[16] Distributionandpricing[edit] Thecloud(orSaaS)modelhasnophysicalneedforindirectdistributionbecauseitisnotdistributedphysicallyandisdeployedalmostinstantaneously,therebynegatingtheneedfortraditionalpartnersandmiddlemen.Unliketraditionalsoftware,whichisconventionallysoldasaperpetuallicensewithanup-frontcost(andanoptionalongoingsupportfee),SaaSprovidersgenerallypriceapplicationsusingasubscriptionfee,mostcommonlyamonthlyfeeoranannualfee.[17]Consequently,theinitialsetupcostforSaaSistypicallylowerthantheequivalententerprisesoftware.SaaSvendorstypicallypricetheirapplicationsbasedonsomeusageparameters,suchasthenumberofusersusingtheapplication.However,becauseinaSaaSenvironmentcustomers'dataresidewiththeSaaSvendor,opportunitiesalsoexisttochargepertransaction,event,orotherunitsofvalue,suchasthenumberofprocessorsrequired.[18] Therelativelylowcostforuserprovisioning(i.e.,settingupanewcustomer)inamulti-tenantenvironmentenablessomeSaaSvendorstoofferapplicationsusingthefreemiummodel.[18]Inthismodel,afreeserviceismadeavailablewithlimitedfunctionalityorscope,andfeesarechargedforenhancedfunctionalityorlargerscope.[18] AkeydriverofSaaSgrowthisSaaSvendors'abilitytoprovideapricethatiscompetitivewithon-premisessoftware.ThisisconsistentwiththetraditionalrationaleforoutsourcingITsystems,whichinvolvesapplyingeconomiesofscaletoapplicationoperation,i.e.,anoutsideserviceprovidermaybeabletoofferbetter,cheaper,morereliableapplications.[19] Architecture[edit] MostSaaSprovidersofferamulti-tenantarchitecture.Withthismodel,asingleversionoftheapplication,withasingleconfiguration(hardware,network,operatingsystem),isusedforallcustomers("tenants").Tosupportscalability,theapplicationcanbeinstalledonmultiplemachines(calledhorizontalscaling).Insomecases,asecondversionoftheapplicationissetuptoofferaselectgroupofcustomersaccesstopre-releaseversionsoftheapplications(e.g.,abetaversion)fortestingpurposes.Thisiscontrastedwithtraditionalsoftware,wheremultiplephysicalcopiesofthesoftware—eachpotentiallyofadifferentversion,withapotentiallydifferentconfiguration,andoftencustomized—areinstalledacrossvariouscustomersites.[20] Althoughanexceptionratherthanthenorm,someSaaSprovidersdonotusemultitenancyoruseothermechanisms—suchasvirtualization—tocost-effectivelymanagealargenumberofcustomersinplaceofmultitenancy.[21]Whethermultitenancyisanecessarycomponentforsoftwareasaserviceisdebatable.[22] VerticalvshorizontalSaaS[edit] HorizontalSaaSandverticalSaaSaredifferentmodelsofcloudcomputingservices.[23]HorizontalSaaStargetsabroadvarietyofcustomers,generallywithoutregardtotheirindustry.SomepopularexamplesofhorizontalSaaSvendorsareSalesforceandHubSpot.VerticalSaaS,ontheotherhand,referstoanichemarkettargetinganarrowervarietyofcustomerstomeettheirspecificrequirements. Characteristics[edit] Althoughnotallsoftware-as-a-serviceapplicationsshareallthefollowingtraits,thecharacteristicsbelowarecommonamongmanyofthem: Configurationandcustomization[edit] SaaSapplicationssimilarlysupportwhatistraditionallyknownasapplicationconfiguration.Inotherwords,liketraditionalenterprisesoftware,asinglecustomercanalterthesetofconfigurationoptions(a.k.a.parameters)thataffectitsfunctionalityandlook-and-feel.Eachcustomermayhaveitsownsettings(or:parametervalues)fortheconfigurationoptions.Theapplicationcanbecustomizedtothedegreeitwasdesignedforbasedonasetofpredefinedconfigurationoptions.[24] Forexample,tosupportcustomers'commonneedtochangeanapplication'slook-and-feelsothattheapplicationappearstobehavingthecustomer'sbrand(or—ifsodesired—co-branded),manySaaSapplicationsletcustomersprovide(throughaself-serviceinterfaceorbyworkingwithapplicationproviderstaff)acustomlogoandsometimesasetofcustomcolors.Thecustomercannot,however,changethepagelayoutunlesssuchanoptionwasdesigned.[citationneeded] Acceleratedfeaturedelivery[edit] SaaSapplicationsareoftenupdatedmorefrequentlythantraditionalsoftware,[25]inmanycasesonaweeklyormonthlybasis.Thisisenabledbyseveralfactors: Theapplicationishostedcentrally,soanupdateisdecidedandexecutedbytheprovider,notbycustomers. Theapplicationonlyhasasingleconfiguration,makingdevelopmenttestingfaster. Theapplicationvendordoesnothavetoexpendresourcesupdatingandmaintainingbackdatedversionsofthesoftware,becausethereisonlyasingleversion. Theapplicationvendorhasaccesstoallcustomerdata,expeditingdesignandregressiontesting. Theserviceproviderhasaccesstouserbehaviorwithintheapplication(usuallyviawebanalytics),makingiteasiertoidentifyareasworthyofimprovement. Acceleratedfeaturedeliveryisfurtherenabledbyagilesoftwaredevelopmentmethodologies.[26]Suchmethodologies,whichhaveevolvedinthemid-1990s,provideasetofsoftwaredevelopmenttoolsandpracticestosupportfrequentsoftwarereleases. Openintegrationprotocols[edit] BecauseSaaSapplicationscannotaccessacompany'sinternalsystems(databasesorinternalservices),theypredominantlyofferintegrationprotocolsandapplicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs)thatoperateoverawideareanetwork.[27] TheubiquityofSaaSapplicationsandotherInternetservicesandthestandardizationoftheirAPItechnologyhasspawnedthedevelopmentofmashups,whicharelightweightapplicationsthatcombinedata,presentation,andfunctionalityfrommultipleservices,creatingacompoundservice.MashupsfurtherdifferentiateSaaSapplicationsfromon-premisessoftwareasthelattercannotbeeasilyintegratedoutsideacompany'sfirewall. Collaborative(and"social")functionality[edit] Inspiredbythedevelopmentofthedifferentinternetnetworkingservicesandtheso-calledweb2.0functionality,manySaaSapplicationsofferfeaturesthatlettheiruserscollaborateandshareinformation. Forexample,manyprojectmanagementapplicationsdeliveredintheSaaSmodeloffer—inadditiontotraditionalprojectplanningfunctionality—collaborationfeatureslettinguserscommentontasksandplansandsharedocumentswithinandoutsideanorganization.SeveralotherSaaSapplicationsletusersvoteonandoffernewfeatureideas. Althoughsomecollaboration-relatedfunctionalityisalsointegratedintoon-premisessoftware,(implicitorexplicit)collaborationbetweenusersordifferentcustomersisonlypossiblewithcentrallyhostedsoftware. OpenSaaS[edit] OpenSaaSreferstosoftwareasaservice(SaaS)basedonopen-sourcecode.SimilartoSaaSapplications,OpenSaaSisaweb-basedapplicationthatishosted,supported,andmaintainedbyaserviceprovider.WhiletheroadmapforOpenSaaSapplicationsisdefinedbyitscommunityofusers,upgradesandproductenhancementsaremanagedbyacentralprovider.Thetermwascoinedin2011byDriesBuytaert,creatoroftheDrupalcontentmanagementframework.[28] AndrewHoppin,aformerChiefInformationOfficerfortheNewYorkStateSenate,hasbeenavocaladvocateofOpenSaaSforgovernment,callingit"thefutureofgovernmentinnovation."HepointstoWordPressandWhyUnifiedasasuccessfulexampleofanOpenSaaSsoftwaredeliverymodelthatgivescustomers"thebestofbothworlds,andmoreoptions.Thefactthatitisopensourcemeansthattheycanstartbuildingtheirwebsitesbyself-hostingWordPressandcustomizingtheirwebsitetotheirheart’scontent.Concurrently,thefactthatWordPressisSaaSmeansthattheydon’thavetomanagethewebsiteatall--theycansimplypayWordPress.comtohostit."[29] Adoptiondrivers[edit] SeveralimportantchangestothesoftwaremarketandtechnologylandscapehavefacilitatedtheacceptanceandgrowthofSaaS: Thegrowinguseofweb-baseduserinterfacesbyapplications,alongwiththeproliferationofassociatedpractices(e.g.,webdesign),continuouslydecreasedtheneedfortraditionalclient-serverapplications.Consequently,traditionalsoftwarevendor'sinvestmentinsoftwarebasedonfatclientshasbecomeadisadvantage(mandatingongoingsupport),openingthedoorfornewsoftwarevendors'offeringauserexperienceperceivedasmore"modern". Thestandardizationofwebpagetechnologies(HTML,JavaScript,CSS),theincreasingpopularityofwebdevelopmentasapractice,andtheintroductionandubiquityofwebapplicationframeworkslikeRubyonRailsorLaravel(PHP)graduallyreducedthecostofdevelopingnewsoftwareservicesandenablednewproviderstochallengetraditionalvendors. TheincreasingpenetrationofbroadbandInternetaccessenabledremotecentrallyhostedapplicationstoofferspeedcomparabletoon-premisessoftware. ThestandardizationoftheHTTPSprotocolaspartofthewebstackprovideduniversallyavailablelightweightsecuritythatissufficientformosteverydayapplications. TheintroductionandwideacceptanceoflightweightintegrationprotocolssuchasRepresentationalStateTransfer(REST)andSOAPenabledaffordableintegrationbetweenSaaSapplications(residinginthecloud)withinternalapplicationsoverwideareanetworksandwithotherSaaSapplications. Adoptionchallenges[edit] SomelimitationsslowdowntheacceptanceofSaaSandprohibititfrombeingusedinsomecases: Becausedataisstoredonthevendor'sservers,datasecuritybecomesanissue.[30][31] SaaSapplicationsarehostedinthecloud,farawayfromtheapplicationusers.Thisintroduceslatencyintotheenvironment;forexample,theSaaSmodelisnotsuitableforapplicationsthatdemandresponsetimesinmilliseconds(OLTP). Multi-tenantarchitectures,whichdrivecostefficiencyforserviceproviders,limitcustomizationofapplicationsforlargeclients,inhibitingsuchapplicationsfrombeingusedinscenarios(applicablemostlytolargeenterprises)forwhichsuchcustomizationisnecessary. Somebusinessapplicationsrequireaccesstoorintegrationwithcustomers'currentdata.Whensuchdataarelargeinvolumeorsensitive(e.g.end-user'spersonalinformation),integratingthemwithremotelyhostedsoftwarecanbecostlyorrisky,orcanconflictwithdatagovernanceregulations. Constitutionalsearch/seizurewarrantlawsdonotprotectallformsofSaaSdynamicallystoreddata.Theresultisthatalinkisaddedtothechainofsecuritywhereaccesstothedata,and,byextension,misuseofthesedata,arelimitedonlybytheassumedhonestyofthirdpartiesorgovernmentagenciesabletoaccessthedataontheirrecognizance.[32][33][34][35] SwitchingSaaSvendorsmayinvolvetheslowanddifficulttaskoftransferringverylargedatafilesovertheInternet. OrganizationsthatadoptSaaSmayfindtheyareforcedintoadoptingnewversions,whichmightresultinunforeseentrainingcosts,anincreaseintheprobabilitythatausermightmakeanerrororinstabilityfrombugsinthenewersoftware. ShouldthevendorofthesoftwaregooutofbusinessorsuddenlyEOLthesoftware,theusermayloseaccesstotheirsoftwareunexpectedly,whichcoulddestabilizetheirorganization'scurrentandfutureprojects,aswellasleavetheuserwitholderdatatheycannolongeraccessormodify. RelyingonanInternetconnectionmeansthatdataistransferredtoandfromaSaaSfirmatInternetspeeds,ratherthanthepotentiallyhigherspeedsofafirm'sinternalnetwork.[36] TheAbilityoftheSaaShostingcompanytoguaranteetheuptimelevelagreedintheSLA(ServiceLevelAgreement) Thestandardmodelalsohaslimitations: Compatibilitywithhardware,othersoftware,andoperatingsystems.[37] Licensingandcomplianceproblems(unauthorizedcopiesofthesoftwareprogramputtingtheorganizationatriskoffinesorlitigation). Maintenance,support,andpatchrevisionprocesses. Healthcareapplications[edit] AccordingtoasurveybytheHealthcareInformationandManagementSystemsSociety,83%ofUSIThealthcareorganizationsarenowusingcloudserviceswith9.3%planningto,whereas67%ofIThealthcareorganizationsarecurrentlyrunningSaaS-basedapplications.[38] Dataescrow[edit] Softwareasaservicedataescrowistheprocessofkeepingacopyofcriticalsoftware-as-a-serviceapplicationdatawithanindependentthirdparty.Similartosourcecodeescrow,wherecriticalsoftwaresourcecodeisstoredwithanindependentthirdparty,SaaSdataescrowappliesthesamelogictothedatawithinaSaaSapplication.ItallowscompaniestoprotectandensureallthedatathatresideswithinSaaSapplications,protectingagainstdataloss.[39] TherearemanyandvariedreasonsforconsideringSaaSdataescrowincludingconcernsaboutvendorbankruptcy,[40][41]unplannedserviceoutages,andpotentialdatalossorcorruption. ManybusinesseseitherensurethattheyarecomplyingwiththeirdatagovernancestandardsortrytoenhancetheirreportingandbusinessanalyticsagainsttheirSaaSdata. Criticism[edit] OnenotablecriticismofSaaScomesfromRichardStallmanoftheFreeSoftwareFoundation,whoreferstoitasServiceasaSoftwareSubstitute(SaaSS).[42]HeconsiderstheuseofSaaSStobeaviolationoftheprinciplesoffreesoftware.[43]AccordingtoStallman: WithSaaSS,theusersdonothaveeventheexecutablefilethatdoestheircomputing:itisonsomeoneelse'sserver,wheretheuserscan'tseeortouchit.Thusitisimpossibleforthemtoascertainwhatitreallydoes,andimpossibletochangeit. Seealso[edit] Applicationsecurity Applicationserviceprovider Cloud-basedintegration Listof'asaservice'servicetypes Servicizing Subscriptioncomputing References[edit] ^Panker,Jon;Lewis,Mark;Fahey,Evan;Vasquez,MelvinJafet(August2007)."HowdoyoupronounceIT?".TechTarget.Retrieved24May2012. ^Turner,Brian."WhatisSaaS?EverythingyouneedtoknowaboutSoftwareasaService".TechRadar.Retrieved4August2020. ^"DefinitionofSoftwareasaService(SaaS)-GartnerInformationTechnologyGlossary".Gartner.Retrieved4August2020. ^"WhatisSoftwareasaService(SaaS):ABeginner'sGuide-Salesforce".Salesforce.com.Retrieved2018-09-27. ^Chai,Wesley;Casey,Kathleen."WhatisSaaS(SoftwareasaService)?EverythingYouNeedtoKnow".TechTarget.Retrieved2022-03-24. ^"ITChannelGlossary".CompuBase.March2013.Retrieved13February2013. ^"Saasstartupideas".Startup.24June2021. ^"IBMcloudstrategy".www.ibm.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-03-13. ^Fox,A.;Patterson,D.(3Jan2014).EngineeringSoftwareasaService:AnAgileApproachUsingCloudComputing.StrawberryCanyonLLC.ASIN B00CCEHNUM. ^OECD(2015-10-05).OECD/G20BaseErosionandProfitShiftingProjectAddressingtheTaxChallengesoftheDigitalEconomy,Action1-2015FinalReport.OECDPublishing.ISBN 978-92-64-24104-6. ^Gaw,Jonathan(Oct20,1999)."LadouceurNamedCEOofFutureLink".LosAngelesTimes. ^Software,Services."SoftwareasaService(SaaS)". ^"WhatisSaaS(SoftwareasaService)?EverythingYouNeedtoKnow".SearchCloudComputing. ^"USPTOServiceMark".Alexandria,VA:USPTO.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^ Ferrari,Elena(2010).AccessControlinDataManagementSystems.SynthesisLecturesonDataManagement.Morgan&ClaypoolPublishers.p. 77.ISBN 978-1-60845-375-7.Retrieved2012-02-13.[...]anewemergingoptionisrepresentedbytheDatabaseasaService(DbaaS)paradigm[...].DbaaSisregulatedbythesameprinciplesasSoftwareasaService(SaaS)andbasicallymeansthedeliveryofthetypicalfunctionalitiesofadatabasemanagementsysteminthecloud. ^"Microsoftdescribessoftwareplusservices".InfoWorld.26July2007.Retrieved7February2017. ^Levinson,Meridith(2007-05-15)."SoftwareasaService(SaaS)DefinitionandSolutions".CIO.Retrieved2015-03-24. ^abcByronDeeterandRyanJung(July2013)."SoftwareasaServicePricingStrategies"(PDF). ^"Buildvs.Buy:HowtoKnowWhentoBuySoftwareorBuildItYourself".Business2Community.Retrieved2020-02-22. ^Hacigümüş,Hakan;Balakrishna,R.Iyer;Chen,Li;Mehrotra,S.(2002).ExecutingSQLoverencrypteddatainthedatabase-service-providermodel.Proceedingsofthe2002ACMSIGMODInternationalConferenceonManagementofData.pp. 216–227.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.64.8974.doi:10.1145/564691.564717.ISBN 978-1581134971.S2CID 6241358. ^Wainewright,Phil(19October2007)."Workstreamprefersvirtualizationtomulti-tenancy".ZDNet(WorldWideWeblog).CBSInteractive.Retrieved22January2016. ^Carraro,Gianpaolo(21June2008)."Ican'tbelievewearestilltalkingaboutwhethersaas==multi-tenancy..."MSDevelopernetwork(blog).Microsoft.Retrieved24April2011. ^Muppidathi,Anbu(July10,2020)."HorizontaltoVerticaltoMicro-SaaS".Forbes. ^GroovyWeb."SaasDevelopment".GroovyWeb.Retrieved7Sep2021. ^Creese,Guy(18May2010)."SaaSvs.Software:TheReleaseCycleforSaaSIsUsually(NotAlways)Faster".Blog.Gartner.Retrieved24April2011. ^Kuhnen,Eric(8January2008)."JumpingtoSaaS?TakeAgileSoftwareDevelopmentAlongwithYou".DevX.QuinStreet.Retrieved24April2011. ^Dulin,Oleg(15December2015)."3setsofAPIsyourSaaSplatformneeds".InfoWorld.Retrieved4August2020. ^Buytaert,Dries(24January2011)."Acquiaproductstrategyandvision".DriesBuytaertweblog.Retrieved5October2014. ^Hoppin,Andrew(9January2014)."OpenSaaSandthefutureofgovernmentinnovation".OpenSource.com.Retrieved21September2014. ^Lisserman,Miroslaw(20December2010)."SaaSAndTheEverlastingSecurityConcerns".Community.ForresterResearch.Retrieved24April2011. ^Landsberg,Alicia(2020-09-18)."SecurityforSaaSapplicationsstartswithcollaboration".TechTarget.Retrieved2022-03-24. ^Arthur,Charles(2010-12-14)."Google'sChromeOSmeanslosingcontrolofthedata,warnsGNUfounderRichardStallman".TheGuardian.UK.Retrieved2012-02-16. ^Adhikari,Richard(2010-12-15)."WhyRichardStallmanTakesNoShinetoChrome".LinuxInsider.Retrieved2015-03-24. ^Stallman,Richard(2011-09-20)."Whodoesthatserverreallyserve?".BostonReview.GNUProject.Retrieved15January2012. ^Hill,BenjaminMako(1Feb2009)."ShowMetheCode".RevealingErrors.Retrieved15January2012. ^Gallaugher,John."InformationSystems:AManager'sGuidetoHarnessingTechnology".Catalog.FlatWorldKnowledge.Retrieved2012-04-21. ^"CloudSoftwareasaService(SaaS)inCloudComputing.Thisisnotright.Services".CloudComputingSec.2011.Retrieved2011-12-15. ^"2014HIMSSAnalyticsCloudSurvey"(PDF).HealthcareInformationandManagementSystemsSociety.June2014.Retrieved22November2020–viaAmazonWebServices. ^Wilson,DeborahR;BonaPart,Alexa(7August2009)."DevelopaFrameworkforSaaSApplicationBusinessContinuityRiskMitigation".Gartner.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch8,2013.Retrieved24April2011. ^May,Richard."SoftwareEscrowwhitepaper"(PDF).UK:VirtualDCS. ^"SoftwareEscrow:IsEscrowdead?".2012-06-14.Retrieved2016-09-06. ^Stallman,Richard."Whodoesthatserverreallyserve?".GNU.org.TheFreeSoftwareFoundation.Retrieved2015-03-24. ^Stallman,Richard(18March2010)."WhoDoesThatServerReallyServe?".BostonReview.Retrieved6July2013. vteSoftwaredistributionLicenses Beerware Floatinglicensing Freeandopen-source Free Opensource Freelyredistributable Proprietary Publicdomain Source-available Compensationmodels Adware Commercialsoftware Retailsoftware Crippleware Crowdfunding Freemium Freeware Paywhatyouwant Careware Donationware Open-coremodel Postcardware Shareware Nagware Deliverymethods Digitaldistribution Filesharing On-premises Pre-installed Productbundling Retailsoftware Sneakernet Softwareasaservice Deceptiveand/orillicit Unwantedsoftwarebundling Malware Spyware Trojanhorse Worm Ransomware Scareware Shovelware Vaporware list Softwarereleaselifecycle Abandonware End-of-life Long-termsupport Softwaremaintenance Softwaremaintainer Softwarepublisher Copyprotection Digitalrightsmanagement Softwareprotectiondongle Hardwarerestrictions Licensemanager Productactivation Productkey Softwarecopyright Softwarepatent Torrentpoisoning vteCloudcomputingAsaservice Contentasaservice Dataasaservice Desktopasaservice Functionasaservice Infrastructureasaservice Integrationplatformasaservice Mobilebackendasaservice Networkasaservice Platformasaservice Securityasaservice Softwareasaservice Technologies Clouddatabase Cloudstorage Datacenters Distributedfilesystemforcloud Hardwarevirtualization Internet Nativecloudapplication Networking Security Structuredstorage Virtualappliance WebAPIs Virtualprivatecloud Applications Box Dropbox Google Workspace Drive HPCloud(closed) IBMCloud Microsoft Office365 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