Everything You Need To Know About Robotic Arms - RS ...

In our comprehensive guide we look at what robotic arms are, what types and sizes are available, as well as the different uses of robotic arms. 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Weight&ForceTest&Measurement(597) TopBrands AllBrands RSHome EverythingYouNeedToKnowAboutRoboticArms ACompleteGuidetoRoboticArms ShopallRoboticArms Inthisguide,we’lllookatexactlyhowroboticarmswork,whatthevariousdifferenttypesofprogrammablerobotarmsavailableinthemarket,andwhatkindsofrolesthey’rebestadaptedtousingvariousaccessoriesoradd-ons. Whatareroboticarms? Roboticarmsaremachinesthatareprogrammedtoexecuteaspecifictaskorjobquickly,efficiently,andextremelyaccurately.Generallymotor-driven,they’remostoftenusedfortherapid,consistentperformanceofheavyand/orhighlyrepetitiveproceduresoverextendedperiodsoftime,andareespeciallyvaluedintheindustrialproduction,manufacturing,machiningandassemblysectors. Atypicalindustrialrobotarmincludesaseriesofjoints,articulationsandmanipulatorsthatworktogethertocloselyresemblethemotionandfunctionalityofahumanarm(atleastfromapurelymechanicalperspective).Aprogrammableroboticarmcanbeacompletemachineinandofitself,oritcanfunctionasanindividualrobotpartofalargerandmorecomplexpieceofequipment.Agreatmanysmallerroboticarmsusedincountlessindustriesandworkplaceapplicationstodayarebenchtop-mountedandcontrolledelectronically.Largerversionsmightbefloor-mounted,buteitherwaytheytendtobeconstructedfromsturdyanddurablemetal(oftensteelorcastiron),andmostwillfeaturebetween4-6articulatingjoints.Again,fromamechanicalperspective,thekeyjointsonaroboticarmaredesignedtocloselyresemblethemainpartsofitshumanequivalent-includingtheshoulder,elbow,forearmandwrist.Suchisthespeedandpowerthatindustrialrobotarmscanworkat,there’sapressingneedtobeextremelysafety-consciouswhenprogrammingandusingthem.However,whendeployedappropriately,theycanvastlyincreaseproductionratesandaccuracyofplacementandpickingtasks,aswellasperformingheavy-dutyliftingandrepositioningfunctionsthatwouldbeimpossibleevenforgroupsofmultiplehumanworkerstocarryoutatanysortofpace.Astechnologyhasadvancedandthemanufacturingcostsofroboticcomponentshasfallenovertheyears,thepastdecadeorsohasseenaveryrapidexpansionintheavailabilityandaffordabilityofrobotsandroboticarmsacrossaverywiderangeofindustries.Thismeansthatthey’refarmorecommonlyencounteredinsmaller-scaleoperationsthantheyoncewere,becausethey’renolongeronlyaneconomicallyviableoptionforlarge-scaleproductionlinesoutputtingveryhighvolumesofproduct. Whattypesofroboticarmsarethere? Therearenumerousdifferentroboticarmtypesavailableontoday’smarket,eachdesignedwithimportantcoreabilitiesandfunctionsthatmakevariousspecifictypesparticularlywell-suitedforparticularrolesorindustrialenvironments. Themajorityofroboticarmshaveuptosixjointsconnectingsevensections,mostorallofwhicharedrivenbyvariousformsofsteppermotorsandcontrolledbycomputer.Thisallowsforincrediblyprecisepositioningofthe‘hand’orendeffectorpartofthearm,whichinmostindustrialuseswillgenerallybesomesortofspecialisedtoolorattachment,designedtocarryoutahighlyspecificactionorrepeatableseriesofarticulations. Forthemostpart,thekeydistinctionbetweendifferentsortsofroboticarmsliesinthewaytheirjointsaredesignedtoarticulate-andsubsequentlytherangeofmovementandfunctionsthey’reabletoperform-aswellasthetypeofframeworkthey’resupportedbyandthefootprinttheyrequireforinstallationandoperation. Inthissectionwe’llexploresomeofthemorecommonlydeployedtypesofprogrammablerobotarmsusedinallmannerofindustriesworldwide. Cartesian(gantry)roboticarms Cartesianrobotarms-oftenreferredtoasrectilinearorgantryrobotarms-arenamedaftertheCartesiancoordinatesystem,developedbyRenéDescartesinthe17thcenturyasawaytomapgeometriccurvesontoagraphthroughtheuseofalgebraicequations. Ifallthatsoundsfrighteninglycomplex,thepracticalrealityisactuallyquitefamiliartomostofusinday-to-dayworkplaceuses:CartesiancoordinatesareessentiallywhatgiveusthewidelyusedsystemofX,Yand(lesscommonly)Zaxesthatwealmostalwaysseemappedonanytypicalgraph. Inroboticarmterms,mechatronicCartesianorgantryrobotstendtoconsistofthreearticulatingjointsthatareprogrammedusingtheseX.YandZcoordinatestospecifylinearmovementinthreedimensionsalongthesethreeaxes.Thewristjointoftenprovidesfurtherrotationalfunctionality. Cartesianroboticarmsusevariousmotorsandlinearactuatorstopositionatoolorattachmentsomewhereinthree-dimensionalspace,andmanipulateitthroughaseriesoflinearmovementstoswitchbetweenpositions.Theycanbemountedhorizontally,verticallyoroverhead,andarewidelyusedinarangeofapplicationssuchasmachiningpartsorpickingandplacementalongsideconveyorbelts. Cylindricalroboticarms Cylindricalrobotarms,incontrasttotheCartesianversionsoutlinedabove,areoneswhoseaxesformacylindricalcoordinatesystem-inshort,theirprogrammedmovementstakeplacewithinacylinder-shapedspace(up,downandaround).Thistypeofarmismorecommonlyusedforassemblyoperations,spot-weldingandmachinetoolhandling,wheretherotaryandprismaticjointsgiveitbothrotationalandlinearmotion. Polar/Sphericalroboticarms Again,justlikethecylindricalroboticarmsdescribedabove,apolarorsphericalrobotisonethatoperateswithinaspherical‘workenvelope’orpotentiallocusofmovement.Thisisachievedthroughacombinedrotationaljoint,tworotaryjoints,andalinearjoint.Thepolarroboticarmisconnectedtoitsbaseviaatwistingjoint,andthesubsequentsphericalworkspaceithasaccesstomakeitusefulforperformingsimilarrolesascylindricalroboticarms-handlingmachinetools,spotwelding,diecastingandarcwelding. SCARAroboticarms SCARArobotarmsaremostwidelyusedinassemblyandpickandplaceapplications.TheacronymSCARAstandsforSelectiveComplianceAssemblyRobotArm(orsometimesSelectiveComplianceArticulatedRobotArm),whichisareferencetotheirabilitytotoleratealimiteddegreeof‘compliance’-flexibility,inthecontextofrobotics-alongsomeaxes,whileremainingrigidinothers.SCARAroboticarmsareperhapstheclassictypeyoumightthinkofwhenyoupictureahigh-techproductionline,andit’stheirselectivecompliancecapabilitieswhichmakethemidealforthesepurposes.Forcertainassemblyandplacementtasks,adegreeoftolerableflexibilityinparticulardirectionsbutnotothersishighlyadvantageous,allowingforinsertionofcomponentsintotight-fittingspaceswithoutbindingordamaginganyoftheparts. Whatareroboticarmsusedfor? Roboticarmscanbeusedforallmannerofindustrialproduction,processingandmanufacturingroles-anytaskinwhichextremelyprecise,fastandrepeatablemovementsarerequired,infact.Roboticarmsofallkindsareusedtodayateveryscaleofmanufacturing,fromminutelydetailedcircuitboardassemblytolarge-volumeheavyindustriessuchasautomotiveproductionlines,aswellasinahugerangeof‘pickandplace’(conveyorbelt)applications.Thismeansthatit’simportanttoknowwhichtypesofprogrammableroboticarmsarebettersuitedtowhichsortsofenvironmentsandtasksbeforeyoubeginplanningapurchase.Ineverycase,selectingtherighttypeofprogrammablerobotarmforagivenroleortaskshouldinvolveconsiderationoftheintendedapplication’sprecisenatureandrequirements.Thesewilltypicallyinclude: Load Alltypesofroboticarmshaveagivenloadcapacity,andthismanufacturer-specifiednumberalwaysneedstoexceedthetotalweightofthepayloadinvolvedinanyjobyouexpectthearmtoperform(includingtoolsandattachments). Differentsortsofrobotarmsaresupportedbydifferentlydesignedframeworks,whichcanincreaseordecreaseoverallloadcapacity-thismustbebalancedwithconsiderationofphysicalplacementandfootprint. Orientation Thiscriterionisgenerallydefinedbythefootprintandmountingpositionoftheroboticarm,andhowwellitfitsalongsidetheotherequipmentinyourproductionlinefortherangeofmovementsandmanipulationsit’sexpectedtoperform.Thiswillinturninfluencewherethearmcanphysicallybepositionedrelativetotheobjectsitwillbemoving. Certaintypesofroboticarmsrequirebulkierpedestalsormorephysicalclearancespacetoperformtheirprogrammedrangeofmovements,andthesefactorsmustbeconsideredintermsofotherequipmentorworkersinthevicinity. Speed Particularlywhenchoosingroboticarmsforpickingandplacementapplications,it’simportanttopayattentiontomanufacturerratingsforspeed,andespeciallyintermsofaccelerationoverlongerdistances. Changesandupgradestospeedratingscanbeachievedinsometypesofroboticarmthroughchangesmadetothechoiceofbelts,motorsoractuatorsused. Travel Tolerancesandaccuracyoverwiderspanscanbereducedincertaintypesofrobotarms,duetoarmdeflectionanddifferencesinsupportframeworkdesign. Iftheapplicationrequireslongertraveldistancesbetweenpayloadsorworkareas,thismaydictatewhichsortsofroboticarmswouldbesuitableorunsuitableforperformingthetask,dependingonthetightnessoftolerancesrequired. Precision Certaintypesofprogrammableroboticarmsareinherentlydesignedtobemorepreciseintheirrangeofmovementsandarticulationsthanothers.Thismaycomeathighercostforamorecomplexmachine,andinvolveacompromiseagainstotherfactorssuchasfootprint,speed,potentialtraveldistanceandorientation. Formanyindustrialapplicationssuchaspickingandplacement,roboticarmscapableofextremelypreciserepeatablemovementmaybeanunnecessaryexpense.However,fortoolingapplications,precisionwillbeakeyconsiderationbeforemostotherfactors.Again,changesandupgradescanbemadetoimproveprecisionforcertaintypesofroboticarm,butnotall. Environment Considerationofatmosphericconditionsandpotentialhazards(includingdust,dirtandmoisturelevels)intheimmediateworkingenvironmentwillbeimportantwhenchoosinganappropriatetypeofroboticarmforaspecificlocation. Physicalfootprint,orientationandrangeofmovementwillalsoinfluencehowsuitableaparticularmodelorarmtypeisforuseinaparticularenvironment,withotherequipmentandworkerstakenintoaccount. Dutycycle Thisisessentiallyanevaluationofhowintensivelytheroboticarmwillbeexpectedtoperform,andforhowlongbetween‘rest’ormaintenanceperiods.Wearandtearwillobviouslybecomeaproblemsoonerforarobotarmthatisruncontinuously,asopposedtoonewhichisonlyoperatedduringstandardshiftcycles. Differentmodelsorarmtypeswillrequiredifferentmaintenanceregimes,suchaslubricationintervalsandpartsreplacement-inanyenvironmentwhereminimaldowntimeiscritical,thesewillbeimportantconsiderationstobearinmindwhenbuyingroboticarmsforspecificproductionroles. Collectively,thecriteriaabovearesometimesreferredtoasarobot’sLOSTPEDparameters. Summary Robotarmsareidealforoperationswhicharerepetitive,consistentandrequireaveryhighdegreeofaccuracy,aswellasforapplicationsinwhichahumanworkermightstruggletoperformsafely. Roboticarmsarefast,accurateandreliable,andcancollectivelybeprogrammedtoperformanalmostinfiniterangeofdifferentoperations.Thedramaticreductioninbuy-incostsforindustrialroboticarmsoverthepastdecadehasseenthemrisetofarmorewidespreadusetodaythaneverbefore-whetherdesktop-mountedorinstalledaspartofahigh-volumeproductionline,roboticarmsarenowcommonlyfoundacrossabroadrangeofindustriesandsectors,including: Laboratories Testing&samplehandling Manufacturing Industrialautomation AutomatedassemblyMachinefeeding Machineaccess Robotarmassemblyandconstructionkitsareoftensoldwithdifferentattachmentstohelpthemperformtheirassignedduties.Thesecanrangefromgrippersorsuctioncupstoawiderangeofsensorsandroboticcontrollersthatprovidecomplexenvironmentalresponsecapabilities. 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