Intermission - Wikipedia

An intermission, also known as an interval in British and Indian English, is a recess between parts of a performance or production, such as for a theatrical ... Intermission FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Recessbetweenpartsofaperformance Forotheruses,seeIntermission(disambiguation). Anintermission,alsoknownasanintervalinBritishandIndianEnglish,isarecessbetweenpartsofaperformanceorproduction,suchasforatheatricalplay,opera,concert,orfilmscreening.Itshouldnotbeconfusedwithanentr'acte(French:"betweenacts"),which,inthe18thcentury,wasasung,danced,spoken,ormusicalperformancethatoccursbetweenanytwoacts,thatisunrelatedtothemainperformance,andthatthusintheworldofoperaandmusicaltheaterbecameanorchestralperformancethatspansanintermissionandleads,withoutabreak,intothenextact.[1] Jean-FrançoisMarmontelandDenisDiderotbothviewedtheintermissionasaperiodinwhichtheactiondidnotinfactstop,butcontinuedoff-stage."Theintervalisarestforthespectators;notfortheaction,"wroteMarmontelin1763."Thecharactersaredeemedtocontinueactingduringtheintervalfromoneacttoanother."However,intermissionsaremorethanjustdramaticpausesthatarepartsoftheshapeofadramaticstructure.Theyalsoexistformoremundanereasons,suchasthatitishardforaudiencememberstoconcentrateformorethantwohoursatastretch,andactorsandperformers(forliveactionperformancesatanyrate)needtorest.[2][3]Theyalsoaffordopportunityforsceneandcostumechanges.[4]Performancevenuestakeadvantageofthemtosellfoodanddrink.[4] Psychologically,intermissionsallowaudiencestopausetheirsuspensionofdisbeliefandreturntoreality,andareaperiodduringwhichtheycanengagecriticalfacultiesthattheyhavesuspendedduringtheperformanceitself.[2][4] Contents 1Plays 1.1WilliamShakespeare 1.2Kabuki 1.3Noh 2Films 2.1Indiancinema 3References 3.1Sources 4Seealso Plays[edit] Theterm"BroadwayBladder"names"theallegedneedofaBroadwayaudiencetourinateevery75minutes".[5]BroadwayBladder,andotherconsiderations(suchashowmuchrevenueatheaterwouldloseatitsbariftherewerenointermissions),governtheplacementofintermissionswithinperformances,andtheirexistenceinperformances,suchasplays,thatwerenotwritten/createdwithintermissionsinmind.[5] WilliamShakespeare[edit] TheplaysofWilliamShakespearewereoriginallyintendedfortheaterperformancewithoutintermissions.Theplacementofintermissionswithinthoseplaysinmodernperformancesisthusamatterfortheplay'sdirector.[6]ReviewerPeterHollandanalyzedtheplacementofintermissionsin1997: OfTheWinter'sTalehenotedthattherewas"asnaturalabreakasanyonecouldwishfor"beforethespeechofTimeasChorus,andthathehadneverseenaproductionthatplacedanintermissionotherthanatthatpoint.[5] TrevorNunn'sproductionofMeasureforMeasurein1991isgivenasanexampleofintermissionsplacedinthemiddleofascene.Itstoppedhalfwaythroughact3scene1,movingsomeofthelinesfromlaterinthescenetobeforetheintermission.[5] PerformancesofKingLear,heobserved,oftenplacetheintermission"disproportionatelylate",aftertheblindingofGloucester.[5] The1991RSCproductionofJuliusCaesardirectedbyStephenPimlottispointedoutasnoteworthyforitsextraordinaryintermissionlength.Pimlotthadplacedtheintermissionafteract4scene1,aftertheactionleavesRome.Thisallowedthestrikingofthescenery.Butittooksometimesasmuchasfortyminutesforstagecrewtoremovethescenery,whichcompriseda"massivesetofcolumnsandadoorway"designedbyTobiasHoheisel,aperiodthatwaslongerthantheremaininglengthoftheperformance,somethirty-fiveminutes.[7] ManymodernproductionsofShakespeareplayshavethuseschewedtheintroductionofanintermission,choosinginsteadtoperformthemstraightthrough,asoriginallyintended.[6] Kabuki[edit] TheintermissionsinKabukitheatercanlastuptoanhour.Becausethisoftenresultsinpeoplereturningtotheirseatsseveralminutesaftertheperformancehasresumed,playwrightsgenerallytaketowriting"filler"scenesforthestartsofacts,containingcharactersanddialoguethatarenotimportanttotheoverallstory.[8] Noh[edit] IntheNohtheatricaltradition,interludescallednakairiarestagedbetweenthefirstandsecondhalvesofaperformance,duringwhichtimekyōgenactorssumuptheplotorotherwisefurthertheactionthroughperformancesknownasaikyōgen.Theseinterludesalsogivethemainactorsachancetochangecostumesandrest.[9][10] Films[edit] Intermissionsinearlyfilmshadapracticalpurpose:theywereneededtofacilitatethechangingofreels.[11]WhenLesAmoursdelareineÉlisabeth(TheLovesofQueenElizabeth),starringSarahBernhardt,openedonJuly12,1912,intheLyceumTheatreinNewYorkCity,thefourreelfilmwasshowninfouracts,withanintermissionateachreelchange.[12] Thetechnologyimproved,butasmoviesbecameprogressivelylonger,theintermissionfulfilledotherneeds.Itgavetheaudienceabreather,andprovidedthetheatermanagementanopportunitytoenticepatronstoitsprofitableconcessionstand.Awell-known1957animatedmusicalsnipesuggested,beforethemainfeatureintheatersandduringintermissionatdrive-ins,"let'sallgotothelobbytogetourselvesatreat".Duringthe3Dfilmtrendoftheearly1950s,intermissionswereanecessitybecauseeventhoughmanytheatersusedtwoprojectorsthatcouldskipintermissionbyshiftingfromonereeltotheother,3Dfilmsrequiredtheuseofbothprojectors –oneforeachstereoscopicimage –andsoneededanintermissiontochangethereelsonbothprojectors. Thebuilt-inintermissionhasbeenphasedoutofHollywoodfilms;thevictimofthedemandtopackinmorescreenings,advancesinprojectortechnologywhichmakereelswitcheseitherunnoticeableornon-existent(suchasdigitalprojection,inwhichreelsdonotexist).[13] Indiancinema[edit] DespitethephasingoutofintermissionsintheWest,theyhaveremainedprevalentinIndia,especiallywithBollywoodfilms.Thereisamassreluctancetoabolishintermissionsastheybringalargerevenuetocinemasthroughcustomersbuyingsnacksduringtheseperiods.Indianfilmsarealsotypicallylongercomparedtofilmsfromotherpartsoftheworld.TheHindifilmsSangamandMeraNaamJokerhadtwointermissionseach.[14]VeryfewIndianfilmshavebeenscreenedwithoutintermissions,includingDhobiGhat,[15]DelhiBelly,[16]ThatGirlInYellowBoots[17]andTrapped.[18]ForcedintermissionsarecommonduringscreeningsofwesternfilmsinIndia.[15] BollywoodfilmsshownincinemasintheUnitedKingdomalsocommonlyincludeintermissions,[19]yetintheUnitedStatesandCanada,thesefilmsplayfromstarttofinishwithoutanypausesinbetween.[20]ManyBollywoodfilmsreleasedonDVDincludethe"intermission"cardforcinematicscreening.[21] References[edit] ^Charlton1986,p. 128. ^abPavis&Shantz1998,p. 187. ^Andrews2011,p. 59. ^abcGoodridge1999,p. 85. ^abcdeHolland1997,p. 3. ^abDessen2002,p. 95. ^Holland1997,p. 4. ^Brandon1992,p. 29. ^"Nakairi(中入り)".the-noh.com.April14,2009.RetrievedDecember8,2020. ^"Ai-kyōgen".noh.standford.edu.RetrievedDecember8,2020. ^"History:Intermission".Cliftex.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary1,2012.RetrievedMay11,2012. ^"TheRoadshowEra".CinemaSightlines.RetrievedMay11,2012. ^PeterHartlaub(December19,2003)."Longermovies,biggerdrinksandnointermissionsequalanewkindofepicstruggleinthetheater:onebowltorulethemall,andinthedarknessbindthem".SanFranciscoChronicle. ^"'DidyouknowRajKapoor's'Sangam'and'MeraNaamJoker'hadtwointervals?".TheTimesofIndia.February23,2018.RetrievedSeptember22,2020.{{citenews}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^abSharma,Garima(January21,2011)."Doweneedtheintermission?".TheTimesofIndia.RetrievedAugust9,2012. ^"MayankShekhar'sreview:DelhiBelly".HindustanTimes.July1,2011.RetrievedSeptember22,2020. ^"Intermissionwithoutpermission?".TheTimesofIndia.September8,2011.RetrievedSeptember22,2020.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^Dani,Arti."NointervalforRajkumarRao'sTrapped".KhaleejTimes.RetrievedSeptember22,2020. ^"SimplytheBestBollywoodFilmsonTheBigScreen".OdeonCinemas.RetrievedSeptember22,2020.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^Gokulsing,K.Moti;Dissanayake,Wimal,eds.(2013).RoutledgeHandbookofIndianCinemas.Taylor&Francis.ISBN 978-0-415-67774-5.IntheatersscreeningBollywoodandTamilfilmsinMassachusetts,USA,exhibitorssometimesdecidetoskiptheintermission,whichleadstoconsternationamongtheaudience. ^Blase,Cazz(April5,2012)."Musicpasteup:MIAandterrifyingthingstodowithcars,CleanBanditprovidesomelocalsauce,andthedancefilmseasonisuponus".TheFWord.RetrievedAugust9,2012. Sources[edit] Andrews,Richard(2011).Re-FramingLiteracy:TeachingandLearninginEnglishandtheLanguageArts.Language,Culture,andTeaching.Vol. 6.Taylor&Francis.ISBN 978-0-415-99552-8. Brandon,JamesR.,ed.(1992).Kabuki:FiveClassicPlays.UNESCOcollectionofrepresentativeworks.UniversityofHawaiiPress.ISBN 978-0-8248-1426-7. Charlton,David(1986).GrétryandtheGrowthofOpéra-comique.Cambridgeoperahandbooks.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-25129-7. Dessen,AlanC.(2002).RescriptingShakespeare:TheText,theDirector,andModernProductions.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-00798-6. Goodridge,Janet(1999).RhythmandTimingofMovementinPerformance:Drama,DanceandCeremony.JessicaKingsleyPublishers.ISBN 978-1-85302-548-8. Holland,Peter(1997).EnglishShakespeares:ShakespeareontheEnglishStageinthe1990s.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-56476-2. Pavis,Patrice;Shantz,Christine(1998)."INTERMISSION".DictionaryoftheTheatre:Terms,Concepts,andAnalysis.UniversityofTorontoPress.ISBN 978-0-8020-8163-6. Seealso[edit] Filmpresentation Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermission&oldid=1059156257" Categories:StageterminologyFilmandvideoterminologyHiddencategories:CS1maint:url-statusArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsemdydatesfromSeptember2020UseAmericanEnglishfromSeptember2020AllWikipediaarticleswritteninAmericanEnglish Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages БългарскиCatalàEspañolעבריתLatinaPortuguêsSimpleEnglishSuomi Editlinks