Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ... Inductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemissionspectroscopy FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ICPatomicemissionspectrometer. Inductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemissionspectroscopy(ICP-AES),alsoreferredtoasinductivelycoupledplasmaopticalemissionspectrometry(ICP-OES),isananalyticaltechniqueusedforthedetectionofchemicalelements.Itisatypeofemissionspectroscopythatusestheinductivelycoupledplasmatoproduceexcitedatomsandionsthatemitelectromagneticradiationatwavelengthscharacteristicofaparticularelement.Theplasmaisahightemperaturesourceofionisedsourcegas(oftenargon).Theplasmaissustainedandmaintainedbyinductivecouplingfromcooledelectricalcoilsatmegahertzfrequencies.Thesourcetemperatureisintherangefrom6000to10,000K.Theintensityoftheemissionsfromvariouswavelengthsoflightareproportionaltotheconcentrationsoftheelementswithinthesample. Contents 1Mechanism 2Applications 3Seealso 4References 5Externallinks Mechanism[edit] ICPPlasma"torch". TheICP-AESiscomposedoftwoparts:theICPandtheopticalspectrometer.TheICPtorchconsistsof3concentricquartzglasstubes.[1]Theoutputor"work"coiloftheradiofrequency(RF)generatorsurroundspartofthisquartztorch.Argongasistypicallyusedtocreatetheplasma. TheICPshavetwooperationmodes,calledcapacitive(E)modewithlowplasmadensityandinductive(H)modewithhighplasmadensity,andEtoHheatingmodetransitionoccurswithexternalinputs.[2]ThetorchisoperatedintheHmode. Whenthetorchisturnedon,anintenseelectromagneticfieldiscreatedwithinthecoilbythehighpowerradiofrequencysignalflowinginthecoil.ThisRFsignaliscreatedbytheRFgeneratorwhichis,effectively,ahighpowerradiotransmitterdrivingthe"workcoil"thesamewayatypicalradiotransmitterdrivesatransmittingantenna.Typicalinstrumentsrunateither27or40 MHz.[3]TheargongasflowingthroughthetorchisignitedwithaTeslaunitthatcreatesabriefdischargearcthroughtheargonflowtoinitiatetheionizationprocess.Oncetheplasmais"ignited",theTeslaunitisturnedoff. TheargongasisionizedintheintenseelectromagneticfieldandflowsinaparticularrotationallysymmetricalpatterntowardsthemagneticfieldoftheRFcoil.Astable,hightemperatureplasmaofabout7000Kisthengeneratedastheresultoftheinelasticcollisionscreatedbetweentheneutralargonatomsandthechargedparticles.[4] Aperistalticpumpdeliversanaqueousororganicsampleintoananalyticalnebulizerwhereitischangedintomistandintroduceddirectlyinsidetheplasmaflame.Thesampleimmediatelycollideswiththeelectronsandchargedionsintheplasmaandisitselfbrokendownintochargedions.Thevariousmoleculesbreakupintotheirrespectiveatomswhichthenloseelectronsandrecombinerepeatedlyintheplasma,givingoffradiationatthecharacteristicwavelengthsoftheelementsinvolved. Insomedesigns,asheargas,typicallynitrogenordrycompressedairisusedto'cut'theplasmaataspecificspot.Oneortwotransferlensesarethenusedtofocustheemittedlightonadiffractiongratingwhereitisseparatedintoitscomponentwavelengthsintheopticalspectrometer.Inotherdesigns,theplasmaimpingesdirectlyuponanopticalinterfacewhichconsistsofanorificefromwhichaconstantflowofargonemerges,deflectingtheplasmaandprovidingcoolingwhileallowingtheemittedlightfromtheplasmatoentertheopticalchamber.Stillotherdesignsuseopticalfiberstoconveysomeofthelighttoseparateopticalchambers. Withintheopticalchamber(s),afterthelightisseparatedintoitsdifferentwavelengths(colours),thelightintensityismeasuredwithaphotomultipliertubeortubesphysicallypositionedto"view"thespecificwavelength(s)foreachelementlineinvolved,or,inmoremodernunits,theseparatedcolorsfalluponanarrayofsemiconductorphotodetectorssuchaschargecoupleddevices(CCDs).Inunitsusingthesedetectorarrays,theintensitiesofallwavelengths(withinthesystem'srange)canbemeasuredsimultaneously,allowingtheinstrumenttoanalyzeforeveryelementtowhichtheunitissensitiveallatonce.Thus,samplescanbeanalyzedveryquickly. Theintensityofeachlineisthencomparedtopreviouslymeasuredintensitiesofknownconcentrationsoftheelements,andtheirconcentrationsarethencomputedbyinterpolationalongthecalibrationlines. Inaddition,specialsoftwaregenerallycorrectsforinterferencescausedbythepresenceofdifferentelementswithinagivensamplematrix. Applications[edit] ExamplesoftheapplicationofICP-AESincludethedeterminationofmetalsinwine,[5]arsenicinfood,[6]andtraceelementsboundtoproteins.[7] ICP-OESiswidelyusedinmineralsprocessingtoprovidethedataongradesofvariousstreams,fortheconstructionofmassbalances. In2008,thetechniquewasusedatLiverpoolUniversitytodemonstratethataChiRhoamuletfoundinSheptonMalletandpreviouslybelievedtobeamongtheearliestevidenceofChristianityinEngland,[8]onlydatedtothenineteenthcentury.[9][10][11] ICP-AESisoftenusedforanalysisoftraceelementsinsoil,anditisforthatreasonitisoftenusedinforensicstoascertaintheoriginofsoilsamplesfoundatcrimescenesoronvictimsetc.Takingonesamplefromacontrolanddeterminingthemetalcompositionandtakingthesampleobtainedfromevidenceanddeterminethatmetalcompositionallowsacomparisontobemade.Whilesoilevidencemaynotstandaloneincourtitcertainlystrengthensotherevidence. Itisalsofastbecomingtheanalyticalmethodofchoiceforthedeterminationofnutrientlevelsinagriculturalsoils.Thisinformationisthenusedtocalculatetheamountoffertiliserrequiredtomaximisecropyieldandquality. ICP-AESisusedformotoroilanalysis.Analyzingusedmotoroilrevealsagreatdealabouthowtheengineisoperating.PartsthatwearintheenginewilldeposittracesintheoilwhichcanbedetectedwithICP-AES.ICP-AESanalysiscanhelptodeterminewhetherpartsarefailing.Inaddition,ICP-AEScandeterminewhatamountofcertainoiladditivesremainandthereforeindicatehowmuchservicelifetheoilhasremaining.Oilanalysisisoftenusedbyfleetmanagerorautomotiveenthusiastswhohaveaninterestinfindingoutasmuchabouttheirengine'soperationaspossible.ICP-AESisalsousedduringtheproductionofmotoroils(andotherlubricatingoils)forqualitycontrolandcompliancewithproductionandindustryspecifications. Seealso[edit] Atomicemissionspectroscopy Atomicabsorptionspectroscopy Inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry Ashing Listofplasma(physics)articles References[edit] ^Hieftje,Gary;et al.(1982)."DesignandConstructionofaLow-Flow,Low-PowerTorchforInductivelyCoupledPlasmaSpectrometry".AppliedSpectroscopy.36(6):627–631.Bibcode:1982ApSpe..36..627R.doi:10.1366/0003702824639105.S2CID 97527015.Retrieved5April2015. ^Hyo-ChangLee(2018)Reviewofinductivelycoupledplasmas:Nano-applicationsandbistablehysteresisphysics5011108https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5012001 ^Hieftje,Gary;et al.(2006)."Effectoftheplasmaoperatingfrequencyonthefiguresofmeritofaninductivelycoupledplasmatime-of-flightmassspectrometer".JournalofAnalyticalAtomicSpectrometry.21(2):160–167.doi:10.1039/B515719F.Retrieved5April2015. ^Haung,Mao;Hieftje,Gary(1989)."Simultaneousmeasurementofspatiallyresolvedelectrontemperatures,electronnumberdensitiesandgastemperaturesbylaserlightscatteringfromtheICP".SpectrochimicaActaPartB:AtomicSpectroscopy.44(8):739–749.Bibcode:1989AcSpe..44..739H.doi:10.1016/0584-8547(89)80072-2. ^AcetoM,AbollinoO,BruzzonitiMC,MentastiE,SarzaniniC,MalandrinoM(2002)."Determinationofmetalsinwinewithatomicspectroscopy(flame-AAS,GF-AASandICP-AES);areview".FoodAdditivesandContaminants.19(2):126–33.doi:10.1080/02652030110071336.PMID 11820494.S2CID 28850410. ^BenramdaneL,BressolleF,VallonJJ(1999)."Arsenicspeciationinhumansandfoodproducts:areview".JournalofChromatographicScience.37(9):330–44.doi:10.1093/chromsci/37.9.330.PMID 10497786. ^MaR,McLeodCW,TomlinsonK,PooleRK(2004)."Speciationofprotein-boundtraceelementsbygelelectrophoresisandatomicspectrometry".Electrophoresis.25(15):2469–77.doi:10.1002/elps.200405999.PMID 15300764.S2CID 11012108. ^Leach,Peter(1991).SheptonMallet:Romano-BritonsandEarlyChristiansinSomerset.Birmingham:BirminghamUniversityFieldArcheologyUnit.ISBN 978-0-7044-1129-6. ^Savill,Richard(2008-09-18)."'Ancient'Christianamuletdeclaredafake".DailyTelegraph.London.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2008-09-19.Retrieved2008-09-18. ^"Newtestschallengeageofamulet".BBCNews.BBC.2008-09-18.Retrieved2008-09-18. ^deBruxelles,Simon(2008-09-16)."Romano-BritishsilverChristiancrossmaybefake".TimesOnline.London:TheTimes.Retrieved2008-09-18. 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