Institutional investor - Wikipedia

Institutional investors include commercial banks, central banks, credit unions, government-linked companies, insurers, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, ... Institutionalinvestor FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Forthemagazine,seeInstitutionalInvestor(magazine). Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Institutionalinvestor" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2011)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ThisarticlemayneedtoberewrittentocomplywithWikipedia'squalitystandards.Youcanhelp.Thetalkpagemaycontainsuggestions.(February2011) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Aninstitutionalinvestorisanentitywhichpoolsmoneytopurchasesecurities,realproperty,andotherinvestmentassetsororiginateloans.Institutionalinvestorsincludecommercialbanks,centralbanks,creditunions,government-linkedcompanies,insurers,pensionfunds,sovereignwealthfunds,charities,hedgefunds,REITs,investmentadvisors,endowments,andmutualfunds.Operatingcompanieswhichinvestexcesscapitalinthesetypesofassetsmayalsobeincludedintheterm.Activistinstitutionalinvestorsmayalsoinfluencecorporategovernancebyexercisingvotingrightsintheirinvestments.In2019,theworld'stop500assetmanagerscollectivelymanaged$104.4trillioninAssetsunderManagement(AuM).[1] Althoughinstitutionalinvestorsappeartobemoresophisticatedthanretailinvestors,itremainsunclearifprofessionalactiveinvestmentmanagerscanreliablyenhancerisk-adjustedreturnsbyanamountthatexceedsfeesandexpensesofinvestmentmanagement,duetoissueswithlimitingagencycosts.[2]: 4 Lendingcredencetodoubtsaboutactiveinvestors'abilityto'beatthemarket',passiveindexfundshavegainedtractionwiththeriseofpassiveinvestors:thethreebiggestUSassetmanagerstogetherownedanaverageof18%intheS&P500Indexandtogetherconstitutedthelargestshareholderin88%oftheS&P500by2015.[3]Thepotentialofinstitutionalinvestorsininfrastructuremarketsisincreasinglynotedafterfinancialcrisesintheearlytwenty-firstcentury.[4] Contents 1History 1.1AncientRomeandIslam 1.2Pre-industrialEurope 1.3Before1980 2Overview 2.1Institutionalinvestorsasfinancialintermediaries 2.2Lifecycle 3Institutional-investortypes 4Regional 4.1Canada 4.2China 4.3India 4.4Japan 4.5UnitedKingdom 4.6UnitedStates 5Seealso 6Notes 7References 8Externallinks History[edit] AncientRomeandIslam[edit] InscriptionhonoringAristoxénos,sonofDemophon,probablybenefactorofthegymnasiuminAthens,latethirdorsecondcenturyBC.,MuséeduLouvre Romanlawignoredtheconceptofjuristicperson,yetatthetimethepracticeofprivateevergetism(whichdatesto,atleast,the4thcenturyBCinGreece)sometimesledtothecreationofrevenues-producingcapitalwhichmaybeinterpretedasanearlyformofcharitableinstitution.InsomeAfricancoloniesinparticular,partofthecity'sentertainmentwasfinancedbytherevenuegeneratedbyshopsandbaking-ovensoriginallyofferedbyawealthybenefactor.[5]IntheSouthofGaul,aqueductsweresometimesfinancedinasimilarfashion.[6] ThelegalprincipleofjuristicpersonmighthaveappearedwiththeriseofmonasteriesintheearlycenturiesofChristianity.TheconceptthenmighthavebeenadoptedbytheemergingIslamiclaw.Thewaqf(charitableinstitution)becameacornerstoneofthefinancingofeducation,waterworks,welfareandeventheconstructionofmonuments.[7] AlongsidesomeChristianmonasteries[8]thewaqfscreatedinthe10thcenturyADareamongstthelongeststandingcharitiesintheworld(seeforinstancetheImamRezashrine). Pre-industrialEurope[edit] Followingthespreadofmonasteries,almhousesandotherhospitals,donatingsometimeslargesumsofmoneytoinstitutionsbecameacommonpracticeinmedievalWesternEurope.Intheprocess,overthecenturiesthoseinstitutionsacquiredsizableestatesandlargefortunesinbullion.Followingthecollapseoftheagrarianrevenues,manyoftheseinstitutionsmovedawayfromruralrealestatetoconcentrateonbondsemittedbythelocalsovereign(theshiftdatesbacktothe15thcenturyforVenice,[9]andthe17thcenturyforFrance[10]andtheDutchRepublic[11]).Theimportanceoflayandreligiousinstitutionalownershipinthepre-industrialEuropeaneconomycannotbeoverstated,theycommonlypossessed10to30%ofagivenregionarableland. Inthe18thcentury,privateinvestorspooltheirresourcestopursuelotteryticketsandtontinesharesallowingthemtospreadriskandbecomesomeoftheearliestspeculativeinstitutionsknownintheWest. Before1980[edit] Followingseveralwavesofdissolution(mostlyduringtheReformationandtheRevolutionaryperiod)theweightofthetraditionalcharitiesintheeconomycollapsed;by1800,institutionssolelyowned2%ofthearablelandinEnglandandWales.[12]Newtypesofinstitutionsemerged(banks,insurancecompanies),yetdespitesomesuccessstories,theyfailedtoattractalargeshareofthepublic'ssavingsand,forinstance,by1950,theyowned48%ofUSequitiesandcertainlyevenlessinothercountries.[13] Overview[edit] Financialmarketparticipants Creditunions Insurancecompanies Investmentbanks Investmentfunds Pensionfunds Primebrokers Trusts Finance Financialmarket Participants Corporatefinance Personalfinance Publicfinance Banksandbanking Financialregulation Fundgovernance Becauseoftheirsophistication,institutionalinvestorsmaybeexemptfromcertainsecuritieslaws.Forexample,intheUnitedStates,institutionalinvestorsaregenerallyeligibletopurchaseprivateplacementsunderRule506ofRegulationDas"accreditedinvestors".Further,largeUSinstitutionalinvestorsmayqualifytopurchasecertainsecuritiesgenerallyrestrictedfromretailinvestmentunderRule144A. InCanada,companiessellingtoaccreditedinvestorscanbeexemptedfromregulatoryreportingbyeachoftheprovincialCanadianSecuritiesAdministrators. Institutionalinvestorsasfinancialintermediaries[edit] Asintermediariesbetweenindividualinvestorsandcompanies,institutionalinvestorsareimportantsourcesofcapitalinfinancialmarkets.Bypoolingconstituents'investments,institutionalinvestorsarguablyreducethecostofcapitalforentrepreneurswhilediversifyingconstituents'portfolios.Theirgreaterabilitytoinfluencecorporatebehaviouraswelltoselectinvestorsprofilesmayhelpdiminishagencycosts. Lifecycle[edit] Institutionalinvestorsinvestmenthorizons'differ,butdonotsharethesamelifecycleashumanbeings.Unlikeindividuals,theydonothaveaphaseofaccumulation(activeworklife)followedbyoneofconsumption(retirement),andtheydonotdie.Hereinsurancecompaniesdifferfromtherestoftheinstitutionalinvestors;astheycannotguesswhentheywillhavetorepaytheirclients.Therefore,theyneedhighlyliquidassetswhichreducestheirinvestmentopportunities.Otherslikepensionfundscanpredictlongaheadwhentheywillhavetorepaytheirinvestorsallowingthemtoinvestinlessliquidassetssuchasprivateequities,hedgefundsorcommodities.Finally,otherinstitutionshaveanextendedinvestmenthorizon,allowingthemtoinvestinilliquidassetsastheyareunlikelytobeforcedtosellthembeforeterm. Institutional-investortypes[edit] Assetmanager Bank Endowmentfund Foundation Hedgefund Insurancecompany Investmentcompany Investmenttrust Mutualfund Pensionfund Sovereignwealthfund Unittrustandunitinvestmenttrust Familyoffices Regional[edit] Invariouscountriesdifferenttypesofinstitutionalinvestorsmaybemoreimportant.Inoil-exportingcountriessovereignwealthfundsareveryimportant,whileindevelopedcountries,pensionfundsmaybemoreimportant.[citationneeded] Canada[edit] SomeexamplesofimportantCanadianinstitutionalinvestorsare: CanadaPensionPlanInvestmentBoard(C$420.4 Billion[2019])[14] CaissededépôtetplacementduQuébec(C$340.1Billion[2019])[15] OntarioTeachers'PensionPlan(C$207.4Billion[2019])[16] BritishColumbiaInvestmentManagementCorporation(C$153.4Billion[2019])[17] OMERSOntarioMunicipalEmployeesRetirementSystem((C$105 Billion) HealthcareofOntarioPensionPlan((C$100 Billion) AlbertaInvestmentManagement(C$118.8 Billion[2019])[18] LabourersPensionFundofCentralandEasternCanada(C$8 Billion) CollegeofAppliedArtsandTechnologyPensionPlan(C$13.5 Billion) OPSEUPensionTrust(C$22 Billion) CanadianPacificRailway(C$14.3 Billion) CanadianNationalRailway(C$19.4 Billion) China[edit] China'sprogramtoallowinstitutionalinvestorstoinvestinitscapitalmarketiscalledQualifiedForeignInstitutionalInvestor(QWFII). India[edit] InIndia,thetermForeignInstitutionalInvestor(FII)isusedtorefertoforeigncompaniesinvestinginIndia'scapitalmarkets.[19] RecentlyForeignInstitutionalInvestors(FII)hasinvestedatotalof$23billionintheIndianmarketunderthis.Withthis,Foreign-exchangereservesofIndiahavereachedatotalof$584BillionandithasbecomeanewrecordintheIndianmarket.[20][21] AlsocalledForeigndirectinvestmentorFDI,statutoryagenciesinIndialikeSEBIhaveprescribednormstoregisterFIIsandalsotoregulatesuchinvestmentsflowinginthroughFIIs.In2008,FIIsrepresentedthelargestinstitutioninvestmentcategory,withanestimatedUS$751.14billion.[22] Japan[edit] Japanishometotheworld'slargestpensionfund(GPI)andishometo63ofthetop300pensionfundsworldwide(byAssetsUnderManagement).[citationneeded]Theseinclude: GovernmentPensionInvestmentFund($1045.5 billion[2011]) LocalGovernmentOfficials($165 billion[2004]) PensionFundAssociation($117 billion[2004]) UnitedKingdom[edit] IntheUK,institutionalinvestorsmayplayamajorroleineconomicaffairs,andarehighlyconcentratedintheCityofLondon'ssquaremile.Theirwealthaccountsforaroundtwo-thirdsoftheequityinpubliclistedcompanies.Foranygivencompany,thelargest25investorswouldhavetobeabletomusteroverhalfofthevotes.[23] UnitedStates[edit] SomeexamplesofimportantU.S.institutionalinvestorsare: AlaskaPermanentFund($73 Billion[2021])[24] EnsignPeakAdvisors($100 Billion[2019])[25] CalPERS($389 Billion[2020])[26] CalSTRS($282 Billion[2021])[27] HarvardUniversityendowment($42 Billion[2020])[28] NewYorkStateCommonRetirement($248 Billion[2020])[29] PrincetonUniversityendowment($27 Billion[2020])[30] StanfordUniversityendowment($30 Billion[2020])[31] TeacherRetirementSystemofTexas($165 Billion[2020])[32] YaleUniversityendowment($31 Billion[2020])[33] Themajorinvestorassociationsare: InvestmentManagementAssociation[34] AssociationofBritishInsurers NationalAssociationofPensionFunds TheAssociationofInvestmentTrustCompanies TheIMA,ABI,NAPF,andAITC,plustheBritishMerchantBankingandSecuritiesHouseAssociationwerealsorepresentedbytheInstitutionalShareholderCommittee(ISC).AsofAugust2014theISCeffectivelybecametheInstitutionalInvestorsCommittee(IIC),whichcomprisestheAssociationofBritishInsurers,theInvestmentManagementAssociationandtheNationalAssociationofPensionFunds.[35] Seealso[edit] Businessandeconomicsportal Globalassetsundermanagement Investmentmanagement ListofinstitutionalinvestorsintheUnitedKingdom Privateplacement Notes[edit] ^"GlobalassetmanagerAuMtops$100trillionforthefirsttime".19October2020. ^Hirst,Scott(1July2018)."TheCaseforInvestorOrdering".TheHarvardLawSchoolProgramonCorporateGovernanceDiscussionPaper.No.2017-13. ^Fichtner,Jan;Heemskerk,Eelke;Garcia-Bernardo,Javier(2017)."HiddenpoweroftheBigThree?Passiveindexfunds,re-concentrationofcorporateownership,andnewfinancialrisk".BusinessandPolitics.19(2):298–326.doi:10.1017/bap.2017.6. ^Koh,JaeMyong(2018)GreenInfrastructureFinancing:InstitutionalInvestors,PPPsandBankableProjects,PalgraveMacmillan. ^N.Tran(2008)LescitésetlemondedutravailurbainenAfriqueromaine,inLequotidienmunicipaldansl'Occidentromain,M.Cébeillac-Gervasoni,C.BerrendonnerandL.Lamoine(ed.),pp.333–48. ^R.Biundo(2008)Acquapublica:propriétéetgestiondel'eaudansl'économiedescitésdel'Empire,inLequotidienmunicipaldansl'Occidentromain,M.Cébeillac-Gervasoni,C.BerrendonnerandL.Lamoine(ed.),pp.365–78 ^J.Loiseau(2004)LaPorteduvizir :programmesmonumentauxetcontrôleterritorialauCaireàlafinduXIVesiècle.Histoireurbaine9/1:7–27. ^Foranexampleadabsurdo:M.Lewis(oct.2010)BewareofGreeksBearingBonds.VanityFair. ^Pullan,B.(1971)RichandpoorinRenaissanceVenice.TheSocialInstitutionsofaCatholicState,to1620.Oxford. ^BergerP.(1978)RuralCharityinLateSeventeenthCenturyFrance:ThePontchartrainCase.FrenchHistoricalStudies,10/3:393–415. ^GelderblomO.andJ.Jonker(2007)Withaviewtohold.TheemergenceofinstitutionalinvestorsontheAmsterdamsecuritiesmarketduringthe17thand18thcenturies.UtrechtUniversityWorkingPapers ^G.ClarkandA.Clark(2001)CommonRightstoLandinEngland,1475–1839.TheJournalofEconomicHistory,61/4:1009–1036. ^ChenX.,J.HarfordandK.Li(2007)Monitoring:Whichinstitutionsmatter?.JournalofFinancialEconomics,86:279–305. ^"CPPInvestmentsNetAssetsTotal$420.4BillionatThirdQuarterFiscal2020".Retrieved5May2020. ^"CDPQpostsa10.4%annualizedreturnin2019and8.1%overfiveyears".20February2020.Retrieved5May2020. ^"OntarioTeachers'netassetsat$207.4billionatyear-end2019".Retrieved5May2020. ^"BCIReports6.1%AnnualReturnforFiscal2019".31July2019.Retrieved5May2020. ^"AIMCoEarns10.6%ReturnforClientsin2019".Retrieved5May2020. ^"Definitionof'Fiis'".EconomicTimes.Retrieved8July2020. ^"ReserveBankofIndiaWeeklystatisticalreport".Retrieved12February2021. ^"IndiareceiveshighestFIIinflowsamongemergingmarketsin2020".Retrieved6January2021. ^"AboutFDIinIndia".IndiaBrandEquityFoundation.1June2020.Retrieved8July2020. ^seeBrianCheffins,CompanyLaw,TheoryStructureandOperation(1997)OxfordUniversityPress,pp.636ff. ^"Home-AlaskaPermanentFundCorporation".Retrieved25February2021. ^Lovett,Ian;Levy,Rachael(8February2020)."TheMormonChurchAmassed$100Billion.ItWastheBest-KeptSecretintheInvestmentWorld".WallStreetJournal.Retrieved3March2021. ^"CalPERSReportsPreliminary4.7%InvestmentReturnforFiscalYear2019-20".Retrieved25February2021. ^"CurrentInvestmentPortfolio-CalSTRS.com".Retrieved25February2021. ^"Endowment-HarvardUniversity".Retrieved25February2021. ^"NYSCommonRetirementFundReportsThirdQuarterResults".8February2021.Retrieved25February2021. ^"Princetonendowmentreturns5.6%forfiscalyear".27October2020.Retrieved25February2021. ^"Stanford-University-Investment-Report-2020.pdf"(PDF).Retrieved25February2021. ^"PensionFundFactsAtAGlance".Retrieved25February2021. ^"Investmentreturnof6.8%bringsYaleendowmentvalueto$31.2billion".24September2020.Retrieved25February2021. ^TheIMAistheresultofamergerin2002betweentheInstitutionalFundManagersAssociationandtheAssociationofUnitTrustsandInvestmentFunds ^"InstitutionalInvestorCOMMittee".www.iicomm.org.Retrieved23February2016. References[edit] Articles AABerle,"Property,ProductionandRevolution"(1965)65ColumbiaLawReview1 LWBeeferman,"PensionFundInvestmentinInfrastructure:AResourcePaper",CapitalMatter(OccasionalPaperSeries),No.3December2008 BSBlackandJCCoffee,"HailBritannia?:InstitutionalInvestorBehaviorunderLimitedRegulation"(1994)92(7)MichiganLawReview1997 GClarkandAClark,"CommonRightstoLandinEngland,1475–1839"(2001)61(4)TheJournalofEconomicHistory1009 JCCoffee,"LiquidityversusControl:TheInstitutionalInvestorasCorporateMonitor"(1991)91ColumbiaLawReview1277–1368 BLConnelly,RHoskisson,LTihanyi&STCerto,"OwnershipasaFormofCorporateGovernance"(2010)JournalofManagementStudies,Vol47(8):1561-1589. PLDavies,"InstitutionalinvestorsintheUnitedKingdom"inTBaumsetal.,InstitutionalInvestorsandCorporateGovernance(WalterdeGruyter1994)ch9 MNFirzli&VBazi,"InfrastructureInvestmentsinanAgeofAusterity :ThePensionandSovereignFundsPerspective",USAK/JTW30July2011andRevueAnalyseFinancière,Q42011 KUSchmolke,"InstitutionalInvestors'MandatoryVotingDisclosure:TheProposaloftheEuropeanCommissionagainsttheBackgroundoftheUSExperience"(2006)EBOLR767 Books AChandler,TheVisibleHand(1977) PLDavisetal.,InstitutionalInvestors(MITPress2001) MCJensen(ed),StudiesintheTheoryofCapitalMarkets(F.Praeger1972) JaeMyongKoh,GreenInfrastructureFinancing:InstitutionalInvestors,PPPsandBankableProjects(PalgraveMacmillan,2018) GPStapledon,InstitutionalShareholdersandCorporateGovernance(Oxford1996) Externallinks[edit] InstitutionalInvestorMagazine EinerElhaugeHorizontalshareholding vteInvestmentmanagementInvestmentfundstructures Commoncontractualfund(CCF) Exchange-tradedfund(ETF) Fondscommundeplacement(FCP) Fundoffunds Indexfund Investmenttrust Hedgefund Listedinvestmentcompany Loanqualifyinginvestoralternativeinvestmentfund(LQIAIF) Mutualfund Offshorefund Open-endedfundcompany Open-endedinvestmentcompany Pensionfund Private-equityfund Qualifyinginvestoralternativeinvestmentfund(QIAIF) Realestateinvestmenttrust(REIT) Royaltytrust SICAV Umbrellafund Unitinvestmenttrust Unittrust Unitisedinsurancefund Investmentstyles Active /passivemanagement HedgeFunds Impactinvesting Managerofmanagers Socialfinance Sociallyresponsibleinvesting Value /growthinvesting Terminology Closed-endfund Netassetvalue Open-endfund Performancefee Theory Arbitragepricingtheory Efficient-markethypothesis Fixedincome(Duration,Convexity) Martingalepricing Modernportfoliotheory Yieldcurve Relatedtopics Alternativeinvestment Robo-advisor Returns-basedstyleanalysis Traditionalinvestments UCITS CompaniesAmericasCanada Brookfield ManulifeInvestmentManagement PowerFinancial SunLifeFinancial USA AffiliatedManagersGroup AllianceBernstein AmeripriseFinancial BlackRock BNYMellonInvestmentManagement CapitalGroup ColumbiaThreadneedle Dimensional EdwardJones FederatedHermes FidelityInvestments FranklinTempleton GeodeCapital Invesco MFS NewYorkLifeInvestments NorthernTrust Nuveen PGIM Principal PIMCO StateStreetGlobalAdvisors T.RowePrice VanguardGroup WellingtonManagement EMEAFrance Amundi AXAInvestmentManagers BNPParibasAssetManagement NatixisInvestmentManagers Germany AllianzGlobalInvestors DekaBank DWSGroup UnionInvestment Netherlands AegonN.V. APG NNInvestmentPartners Robeco UK Abrdn AvivaInvestors BaillieGifford FidelityInternational InsightInvestment JanusHenderson Legal&General M&G Schroders APACAustralia AMPCapital FirstSentierInvestors IFMInvestors MacquarieAssetManagement China ChinaAssetManagement EFundManagement HarvestFundManagement Japan AssetManagementOne MitsubishiUFJTrustandBankingCorporation SumitomoMitsuiTrustHoldings SouthKorea MiraeAssetGlobalInvestments ShinhanAssetManagement Listofassetmanagementfirms vtePrivateequityandventurecapitalInvestmenttypes Buyout Leveraged Venture Mezzanine Growth Secondaries Equityco-investment History Historyofprivateequityandventurecapital Earlyhistoryofprivateequity Privateequityinthe1980s Privateequityinthe1990s Privateequityinthe2000s TermsandconceptsBuyout Financialsponsor Managementbuyout Divisionalbuyout Buy–sellagreement Leveragedrecapitalization Dividendrecapitalization Venture Angelinvestor Businessincubator Post-moneyvaluation Pre-moneyvaluation SAFE Seedmoney Startupcompany Venturecapitalfinancing Venturedebt Ventureround Structure Private-equityfirmsandfunds Limitedpartnership Limitedliabilitycompany Carriedinterest Managementfee Pledgefund Publiclytradedprivateequity BusinessDevelopmentCompany Venturecapitaltrust Privateinvestmentinpublicequity(PIPE) SPAC Investors Corporations Institutionalinvestors Pensionfunds Insurancecompanies Fundoffunds Endowments Foundations Investmentbanks Merchantbanks Commercialbanks High-net-worthindividuals Familyoffices Sovereignwealthfunds Crowdfunding Relatedfinancialterms AUM Captable Capitalcall Capitalcommitment Capitalstructure Distributionwaterfall EBITDA Envyratio High-yielddebt IPO IRR Leverage Liquidationpreference M&A PME Taxationofprivateequityandhedgefunds Undercapitalization Vintageyear Privateequityandventurecapitalinvestors Private-equityfirms Listofprivate-equityfirms Venturecapitalfirms Listofventurecapitalfirms Angelinvestors Portfoliocompanies Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany UnitedStates Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institutional_investor&oldid=1062473866" Categories:InstitutionalinvestorsInvestmentHiddencategories:CS1:longvolumevalueUsedmydatesfromMay2020ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromFebruary2011AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesWikipediaarticlesneedingrewritefromFebruary2011AllarticlesneedingrewriteArticleswithmultiplemaintenanceissuesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2017ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2021ArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةAzərbaycancaभोजपुरीCatalàDeutschΕλληνικάفارسیFrançaisItalianoעבריתҚазақшаLietuvių日本語PolskiРусскийУкраїнська粵語 Editlinks