Philanthropy - Wikipedia

Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives, for the public good, focusing on quality of life". Philanthropy contrasts with ... Philanthropy FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Effortorinclinationtoincreasethewell-beingofhumankind,asbycharitableaidordonations Forotheruses,seePhilanthropy(disambiguation). "Philanthropist"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seePhilanthropist(disambiguation). Philanthropyisaformofaltruismthatconsistsof"privateinitiatives,forthepublicgood,focusingonqualityoflife".Philanthropycontrastswithbusinessinitiatives,whichareprivateinitiativesforprivategood,focusingonmaterialgain;andwithgovernmentendeavors,whicharepublicinitiativesforpublicgood,e.g.,focusingonprovisionofpublicservices.[1]Apersonwhopracticesphilanthropyisaphilanthropist. Contents 1Etymology 2Europe 2.1GreatBritain 2.1.119thcentury 2.2Switzerland 2.3France 2.4Germany 2.5Warandpostwar:BelgiumandEasternEurope 3UnitedStates 3.1AndrewCarnegie 3.2JohnD.Rockefeller 3.3FordFoundation 4Asia 5Oceania 5.1Australia 6Differencesbetweentraditionalandnewphilanthropy 6.1Impactinvestmentversustraditionalphilanthropy 6.2Traditionalphilanthropyversusphilanthrocapitalism 7Celebrityphilanthropy 7.1Implicationsongovernmentandgovernance 7.2Examples 8Philanthropiccapitalism 9Criticism 10Seealso 11References 12Furtherreading 13Externallinks Etymology[edit] ThewordphilanthropycomesfromAncientGreekφιλανθρωπία(philanthrōpía) 'loveofhumanity',fromphil-"love,fondof"andanthrōpos"humankind,mankind".[2]InthesecondcenturyAD,PlutarchusedtheGreekconceptofphilanthrôpíatodescribesuperiorhumanbeings.DuringtheRomanCatholicMiddleAges,philanthrôpíawassupersededbyCaritascharity,selflesslove,valuedforsalvationandescapefrompurgatory.PhilanthropywasmodernizedbySirFrancisBaconinthe1600s,whoiscreditedingreatpartwithpreventingthewordfrombeingownedbyhorticulture.Baconconsideredphilanthrôpíatobesynonymouswith"goodness",correlatedwiththeAristotelianconceptionofvirtue,asconsciouslyinstilledhabitsofgoodbehaviour.SamuelJohnsonsimplydefinedphilanthropyas"loveofmankind;goodnature".[3]Thisdefinitionstillsurvivestodayandisoftencitedmoregender-neutrallyasthe"loveofhumanity."[4][better source needed] Europe[edit] GreatBritain[edit] TheFoundlingHospital.Theoriginalbuildinghassincebeendemolished. InLondon,priortothe18thcentury,parochialandciviccharitiesweretypicallyestablishedbybequestsandoperatedbylocalchurchparishes(suchasStDionisBackchurch)orguilds(suchastheCarpenters'Company).Duringthe18thcentury,however,"amoreactivistandexplicitlyProtestanttraditionofdirectcharitableengagementduringlife"tookhold,exemplifiedbythecreationoftheSocietyforthePromotionofChristianKnowledgeandSocietiesfortheReformationofManners.[5] In1739,ThomasCoram,appalledbythenumberofabandonedchildrenlivingonthestreetsofLondon,receivedaroyalchartertoestablishtheFoundlingHospitaltolookaftertheseunwantedorphansinLamb'sConduitFields,Bloomsbury.[6]Thiswas"thefirstchildren'scharityinthecountry,andonethat'setthepatternforincorporatedassociationalcharities'ingeneral."[6]Thehospital"markedthefirstgreatmilestoneinthecreationofthesenew-stylecharities."[5] JonasHanway,anothernotablephilanthropistoftheera,establishedTheMarineSocietyin1756asthefirstseafarer'scharity,inabidtoaidtherecruitmentofmentothenavy.[7]By1763,thesocietyhadrecruitedover10,000menanditwasincorporatedin1772.HanwaywasalsoinstrumentalinestablishingtheMagdalenHospitaltorehabilitateprostitutes.Theseorganizationswerefundedbysubscriptionandrunasvoluntaryassociations.Theyraisedpublicawarenessoftheiractivitiesthroughtheemergingpopularpressandweregenerallyheldinhighsocialregard—somecharitiesreceivedstaterecognitionintheformoftheRoyalCharter. 19thcentury[edit] Philanthropists,suchasanti-slaverycampaignerWilliamWilberforce,begantoadoptactivecampaigningroles,wheretheywouldchampionacauseandlobbythegovernmentforlegislativechange.ThisincludedorganizedcampaignsagainsttheilltreatmentofanimalsandchildrenandthecampaignthatsucceededinendingtheslavetradethroughouttheEmpirestartingin1807.[8]AlthoughtherewerenoslavesallowedinBritainitself,manyrichmenownedsugarplantationsintheWestIndies,andresistedthemovementtobuythemoutuntilitfinallysucceededin1833.[9] Financialdonationstoorganizedcharitiesbecamefashionableamongthemiddle-classinthe19thcentury.By1869therewereover200Londoncharitieswithanannualincome,alltogether,ofabout£2million.By1885,rapidgrowthhadproducedover1000Londoncharities,withanincomeofabout£4.5million.Theyincludedawiderangeofreligiousandseculargoals,withtheAmericanimport,YMCA,asoneofthelargest,andmanysmallonessuchastheMetropolitanDrinkingFountainAssociation.Inadditiontomakingannualdonations,increasinglywealthyindustrialistsandfinanciersleftgeneroussumsintheirwills.Asampleof466willsinthe1890srevealedatotalwealthof£76million,ofwhich£20millionwasbequeathedtocharities.By1900Londoncharitiesenjoyedanannualincomeofabout£8.5million.[10] LedbytheenergeticLordShaftesbury(1801–1885),philanthropistsorganizedthemselves.[11]In1869theysetuptheCharityOrganisationSociety.Itwasafederationofdistrictcommittees,oneineachofthe42PoorLawdivisions.Itscentralofficehadexpertsincoordinationandguidance,therebymaximizingtheimpactofcharitablegivingtothepoor.[12]Manyofthecharitiesweredesignedtoalleviatetheharshlivingconditionsintheslums.suchastheLabourer'sFriendSocietyfoundedin1830.Thisincludedthepromotionofallotmentoflandtolabourersfor"cottagehusbandry"thatlaterbecametheallotmentmovement,andin1844itbecamethefirstModelDwellingsCompany—anorganizationthatsoughttoimprovethehousingconditionsoftheworkingclassesbybuildingnewhomesforthem,whileatthesametimereceivingacompetitiverateofreturnonanyinvestment.Thiswasoneofthefirsthousingassociations,aphilanthropicendeavorthatflourishedinthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury,broughtaboutbythegrowthofthemiddleclass.LaterassociationsincludedthePeabodyTrust,andtheGuinnessTrust.Theprincipleofphilanthropicintentionwithcapitalistreturnwasgiventhelabel"fivepercentphilanthropy."[13][14] Switzerland[edit] Mainarticles:InternationalRedCrossandRedCrescentMovementandInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross In1863,theSwissbusinessmanHenryDunantusedhisfortunetofundtheGenevaSocietyforPublicWelfare,whichbecametheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross.DuringtheFranco-PrussianWarof1870,DunantpersonallyledRedCrossdelegationsthattreatedsoldiers.HesharedthefirstNobelPeacePrizeforthisworkin1901.[15] TheFrenchRedCrossplayedaminorroleinthewarwithGermany(1870–71).Afterthat,itbecameamajorfactorinshapingFrenchcivilsocietyasanon-religioushumanitarianorganization.Itwascloselytiedtothearmy'sServicedeSanté.By1914itoperatedonethousandlocalcommitteeswith164,000members,21,500trainednurses,andover27millionfrancsinassets.[16] TheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC)playedamajorroleinworkingwithPOW'sonallsidesinWorldWarII.Itwasinacash-starvedpositionwhenthewarbeganin1939,butquicklymobilizeditsnationalofficessetupaCentralPrisonerofWarAgency.Forexample,itprovidedfood,mailandassistanceto365,000BritishandCommonwealthsoldiersandciviliansheldcaptive.Suspicions,especiallybyLondon,ofICRCastootolerantorevencomplicitwithNaziGermanyledtoitsside-lininginfavouroftheUNReliefandRehabilitationAdministration(UNRRA)astheprimaryhumanitarianagencyafter1945.[17] France[edit] InFrance,thePasteurInstitutehadamonopolyofspecializedmicrobiologicalknowledgeallowedittoraisemoneyforserumproductionfrombothprivateandpublicsources,walkingthelinebetweenacommercialpharmaceuticalventureandaphilanthropicenterprise.[18] By1933,atthedepthoftheGreatDepression,theFrenchwantedawelfarestatetorelievedistressbutdidnotwantnewtaxes.Warveteranscameupwithasolution:thenewnationallotteryprovedhighlypopulartogamblers,whilegeneratingthecashneededwithoutraisingtaxes.[19] Americanmoneyprovedinvaluable.TheRockefellerFoundationopenedanofficeinParisandhelpeddesignandfundFrance'smodernpublichealthsystem,undertheNationalInstituteofHygiene.Italsosetupschoolstotrainphysiciansandnurses.[20][21] Germany[edit] ThehistoryofmodernphilanthropyontheEuropeanContinentisespeciallyimportantinthecaseofGermany,whichbecameamodelforothers,especiallyregardingthewelfarestate.TheprincesandinthevariousImperialstatescontinuedtraditionalefforts,suchasmonumentalbuildings,parksandartcollections.Startingintheearly19thcentury,therapidlyemergingmiddleclassesmadelocalphilanthropyamajorendeavortoestablishtheirlegitimateroleinshapingsociety,incontradistinctiontothearistocracyandthemilitary.Theyconcentratedonsupportforsocialwelfareinstitutions,highereducation,andculturalinstitutions,aswellassomeeffortstoalleviatethehardshipsofrapidindustrialization.Thebourgeoisie(upper-middle-class)wasdefeatedinitsefforttoitgainpoliticalcontrolin1848,buttheystillhadenoughmoneyandorganizationalskillthatcouldbeemployedthroughphilanthropicagenciestoprovideanalternativepowerbasefortheirworldview.[22]ReligionwasadivisiveelementinGermany,astheProtestants,CatholicsandJewsusedalternativephilanthropicstrategies.TheCatholics,forexample,continuedtheirmedievalpracticeofusingfinancialdonationsintheirwillstolightentheirpunishmentinpurgatoryafterdeath.TheProtestantsdidnotbelieveinpurgatory,butmadeastrongcommitmenttotheimprovementoftheircommunitieshereandnow.ConservativeProtestantsRaisedconcernsaboutdeviantsexuality,alcoholismandsocialism,aswellasillegitimatebirths.Theyusedphilanthropytoeradicatesocialevilsthatwereseenasutterlysinful.[23][24]Allthereligiousgroupsusedfinancialendowments,whichmultipliedinthenumberandwealthasGermanygrewricher.Eachwasdevotedtoaspecificbenefittothatreligiouscommunity.Eachhadaboardoftrustees;thesewerelaymenwhodonatedtheirtimetopublicservice.ChancellorOttovonBismarck,anupperclassJunker,usedhisstate-sponsoredphilanthropy,intheformofhisinventionofthemodernwelfarestate,toneutralizethepoliticalthreatposedbythesocialisticlaborunions.[25]Themiddleclasses,however,madethemostuseofthenewwelfarestate,intermsofheavyuseofmuseums,gymnasiums(highschools),universities,scholarships,andhospitals.Forexample,statefundingforuniversitiesandgymnasiumscoveredonlyafractionofthecost;privatephilanthropybecametheessentialingredient.19thcenturyGermanywasevenmoreorientedtowardcivicimprovementthenBritainortheUnitedStates,whenmeasuredintermsofvoluntaryprivatefundingforpublicpurposes.Indeed,suchGermaninstitutionsasthekindergarten,theresearchuniversity,andthewelfarestatebecamemodelscopiedbytheAnglo-Saxons.[26]TheheavyhumanandeconomiclossesoftheFirstWorldWar,thefinancialcrisesofthe1920s,aswellastheNaziregimeandotherdevastationby1945,seriouslyunderminedandweakenedtheopportunitiesforwidespreadphilanthropyinGermany.Thecivilsocietysoelaboratelybuildupinthe19thcenturywaspracticallydeadby1945.However,bythe1950s,asthe"economicmiracle"wasrestoringGermanprosperity,theoldaristocracywasdefunct,andmiddle-classphilanthropystartedtoreturntoimportance.[27] Warandpostwar:BelgiumandEasternEurope[edit] TheCommissionforReliefinBelgium(CRB)wasaninternational(predominantlyAmerican)organizationthatarrangedforthesupplyoffoodtoGerman-occupiedBelgiumandnorthernFranceduringtheFirstWorldWar.ItwasledbyHerbertHoover.[28]Between1914and1919,theCRBoperatedentirelywithvoluntaryeffortsandwasabletofeed11,000,000Belgiansbyraisingthenecessarymoney,obtainingvoluntarycontributionsofmoneyandfood,shippingthefoodtoBelgiumandcontrollingitthere.Forexample,theCRBshipped697,116,000poundsofflourtoBelgium.[29]BiographerGeorgeNashfindsthatbytheendof1916,Hoover"stoodpreeminentinthegreatesthumanitarianundertakingtheworldhadeverseen."[30]BiographerWilliamLeuchtenburgadds,"Hehadraisedandspentmillionsofdollars,withtriflingoverheadandnotapennylosttofraud.Atitspeak,hisorganizationwasfeedingninemillionBelgiansandFrenchaday.[31] Whenthewarendedinlate1918,HoovertookcontroloftheAmericanReliefAdministration(ARA),withthemissionoffoodtoCentralandEasternEurope.TheARAfedmillions.[32]U.S.governmentfundingfortheARAexpiredinthesummerof1919,andHoovertransformedtheARAintoaprivateorganization,raisingmillionsofdollarsfromprivatedonors.UndertheauspicesoftheARA,theEuropeanChildren'sFundfedmillionsofstarvingchildren.WhenattackedfordistributingfoodtoRussia,whichwasunderBolshevikcontrol,Hooversnapped,"Twentymillionpeoplearestarving.Whatevertheirpolitics,theyshallbefed!"[33][34] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:PhilanthropyintheUnitedStates Thefirstcorporationfoundedinthe13ColonieswasHarvardCollege(1636),designedprimarilytotrainyoungmenfortheclergy.AleadingtheoristwasthePuritantheologianCottonMather(1662–1728),whoin1710publishedawidelyreadessay,Bonifacius,oranEssaytoDoGood.Matherworriedthattheoriginalidealismhaderoded,soheadvocatedphilanthropicbenefactionasawayoflife.ThoughhiscontextwasChristian,hisideawasalsocharacteristicallyAmericanandexplicitlyClassical,onthethresholdoftheEnlightenment.[35] BenjaminFranklin(1706–1790)wasanactivistandtheoristofAmericanphilanthropy.HewasmuchinfluencedbyDanielDefoe'sAnEssayuponProjects(1697)andCottonMather'sBonifacius:anessayuponthegood.(1710).FranklinattemptedtomotivatehisfellowPhiladelphiansintoprojectsforthebettermentofthecity:examplesincludedtheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphia(thefirstAmericansubscriptionlibrary),thefiredepartment,thepoliceforce,streetlightingandahospital.Aworld-classphysicisthimself,hepromotedscientificorganizationsincludingthePhiladelphiaAcademy(1751)–whichbecametheUniversityofPennsylvania–aswellastheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety(1743)toenablescientificresearchersfromall13coloniestocommunicate.[36] Bythe1820s,newlyrichAmericanbusinessmenwereinitiatingphilanthropicwork,especiallywithrespecttoprivatecollegesandhospitals.GeorgePeabody(1795–1869)istheacknowledgedfatherofmodernphilanthropy.AfinancierbasedinBaltimoreandLondon,inthe1860shebegantoendowlibrariesandmuseumsintheUnitedStates,andalsofundedhousingforpoorpeopleinLondon.HisactivitiesbecamethemodelforAndrewCarnegieandmanyothers.[37][38] AndrewCarnegie'sphilanthropy.PuckmagazinecartoonbyLouisDalrymple,1903 AndrewCarnegie[edit] AndrewCarnegie(1835–1919)wasthemostinfluentialleaderofphilanthropyonanational(ratherthanlocal)scale.Aftersellinghissteelcorporationinthe1890shedevotedhimselftoestablishingphilanthropicorganizations,andmakingdirectcontributionstomanyeducational,culturalandresearchinstitutions.Hefinancedover1800librariesbuiltacrossthenation,andhisfinalandlargestprojectwastheCarnegieCorporationofNewYork,foundedin1911witha$25millionendowment,laterenlargedto$135million.Inall,Carnegiegaveaway90%ofhisfortune.[39] JohnD.Rockefeller[edit] JohnD.Rockefellerin1885 OtherprominentAmericanphilanthropistsoftheearly20thcenturyincludedJohnD.Rockefeller,JuliusRosenwald(1862–1932)[40][41]andMargaretOliviaSlocumSage(1828–1918).[42]Rockefeller(1839–1937)retiredfrombusinessinthe1890s;heandhissonJohnD.RockefellerJr.(1874–1960)madelarge-scalenationalphilanthropysystematic,especiallywithregardtothestudyandapplicationofmodernmedicine,highereducationandscientificresearch.Ofthe$530milliontheelderRockefellergaveaway,$450millionwenttomedicine.[43]TheirleadingadvisorFrederickTaylorGateslaunchedseveralverylargephilanthropicprojectsstaffedbyexpertswhosoughttoaddressproblemssystematicallyattherootsratherthanlettherecipientsdealonlywiththeirimmediateconcerns.[44]By1920,theRockefellerFoundationwasopeningofficesinEurope.ItlaunchedmedicalandscientificprojectsinBritain,France,Germany,Spain,andelsewhere.ItsupportedthehealthprojectsoftheLeagueofNations.[45]Bythe1950stheRockefellerFoundationwasinvestingheavilyintheGreenRevolution,especiallytheworkbyNormanBorlaugthatenabledIndia,Mexicoandmanypoorcountriestodramaticallyupgradetheiragriculturalproductivity.[46] FordFoundation[edit] Mainarticle:FordFoundation WiththeacquisitionofmostofthestockoftheFordMotorCompanyinthelate1940s,theFordFoundationbecamethelargestAmericanphilanthropy,splittingitsactivitiesbetweentheUnitedStates,andtherestoftheworld.OutsidetheUnitedStates,itestablishedanetworkofhumanrightsorganizations,promoteddemocracy,gavelargenumbersoffellowshipsforyoungleaderstostudyintheUnitedStates,andinvestedheavilyintheGreenRevolution,wherebypoornationsdramaticallyincreasedtheiroutputofrice,wheatandotherfoods.BothFordandRockefellerwereheavilyinvolved.[47]FordalsogaveheavilytobuildupresearchuniversitiesinEuropeandworldwide.Forexample,inItalyin1950itsentateamtohelptheItalianministryofeducationreformthenation'sschoolsystem,basedontheprinciplesof'meritocracy"(ratherthanpoliticalorfamilypatronage),democratisation(withuniversalaccesstosecondaryschools).ItreachedacompromisebetweentheChristianDemocratsandtheSocialists,tohelppromoteuniformtreatmentandequaloutcomes.ThesuccessinItalybecameamodelforFordprogramsandmanyothernations.[48] TheFordFoundationinthe1950swantedtomodernizethelegalsystemsinIndiaandAfrica,bypromotingtheAmericanmodel.Theplanfailed,becauseofIndia'suniquelegalhistory,traditions,andprofession,aswellasitseconomicandpoliticalconditions.Ford,therefore,turnedtoagriculturalreform.[49]ThesuccessrateinAfricawasnobetter,andthatprogramclosedin1977.[50] Asia[edit] SaudiArabianphilanthropistLamiabintMajedal-Saud WhilecharityhasalonghistoryinAsia,philanthropyorasystematicapproachtodoinggoodremainsnascent.[51]ChinesephilosopherMozi(c.470–c.391BC)developedtheconceptof"universallove"(jiān'ài,兼愛),areactionagainstperceivedover-attachmenttofamilyandclanstructureswithinConfucianism.OtherinterpretationsofConfucianismseeconcernforothersasanextensionofbenevolence.[52] MuslimsincountriessuchasIndonesiaareboundbyzakat(almsgiving),whileBuddhistsandChristiansthroughoutAsiamayparticipateinphilanthropicactivities.InIndia,corporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)isnowmandated,with2%ofnetprofitstobedirectedtowardscharity.[53] Asiaishometothemajorityoftheworld'sbillionaires,surpassingtheUnitedStatesandEuropein2017.[54]Wikipedia'slistofcountriesbynumberofbillionairesshowsthreeAsianeconomiesinthetopten:698inChina,237inIndiaand71inHongKong(asofMarch2021). Whilsttheregion'sphilanthropypracticesarerelativelyunder-researchedcomparedtothoseoftheUnitedStatesandEurope,theCentreforAsianPhilanthropyandSociety(CAPS)producesastudyofthesectoreverytwoyears.In2020,itsresearchfoundthatifAsiaweretodonatetheequivalentoftwopercentofitsGDP,thesameastheUnitedStates,itwouldunleashUS$507billion(HK$3.9trillion)annually,morethan11timestheforeignaidflowingintotheregioneveryyearandone-thirdoftheannualamountneededgloballytomeetthesustainabledevelopmentgoalsby2030.[55] Oceania[edit] Australia[edit] StructuredgivinginAustraliathroughfoundations[56]isslowlygrowing,althoughpublicdataonthephilanthropicsectorissparse.[57][58]Thereisnopublicregistryofphilanthropicfoundationsasdistinctfromcharitiesmoregenerally. Twofoundationtypesforwhichsomedataisavailable[59][60]arePrivateAncillaryFunds(PAFs)[61]andPublicAncillaryFunds(PubAFs).[62][63]PrivateAncillaryFundshavesomesimilaritiestoprivatefamilyfoundationsintheUSandEurope,anddonothaveapublicfundraisingrequirement.[64]PublicAncillaryFundsincludecommunityfoundations,somecorporatefoundations,andfoundationsthatsolelysupportsingleorganisationssuchashospitals,schools,museumsandartgalleries.[65]Theymustraisefundsfromthegeneralpublic.[66] Differencesbetweentraditionalandnewphilanthropy[edit] Impactinvestmentversustraditionalphilanthropy[edit] Traditionalphilanthropyandimpactinvestmentcanbedistinguishedbyhowtheyservesociety.Traditionalphilanthropyisusuallyshort-term,whereorganizationsobtainresourcesforcausesthroughfund-raisingandone-offdonations.[67]TheRockefellerFoundationandtheFordFoundationareexamplesofsuch;theyfocusmoreonthefinancialcontributionstosocialcausesandlessontheactualactionsandprocessesofbenevolence.Impactinvestment,ontheotherhand,focusesontheinteractionbetweenindividualwellbeingandbroadersocietythroughthepromotionofsustainability.Stressingtheimportanceofimpactandchange,theyinvestindifferentsectorsofsociety,includinghousing,infrastructure,healthcareandenergy.[68] AsuggestedexplanationforthepreferenceforimpactinvestmentphilanthropytotraditionalphilanthropyisthegainingprominenceoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)since2015.AlmosteverySDGislinkedtoenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabilitybecauseofraisingconcernsabouthowglobalisation,liberalconsumerismandpopulationgrowthmayaffecttheenvironment.Asaresult,developmentagencieshaveseenincreasedaccountabilityontheirpart,astheyfacegreaterpressuretofitwithcurrentdevelopmentalagendas. Traditionalphilanthropyversusphilanthrocapitalism[edit] Philanthrocapitalismdiffersfromtraditionalphilanthropyinhowitoperates.Traditionalphilanthropyisaboutcharity,mercy,andselflessdevotionimprovingrecipients'wellbeing.[68]Philanthrocapitalism,isphilanthropytransformedbybusinessandthemarket,[69]whereprofit-orientedbusinessmodelsaredesignedthatworkforthegoodofhumanity.[70]Sharevaluecompaniesareanexample.Theyhelpdevelopanddelivercurriculaineducation,strengthentheirownbusinessesandimprovethejobprospectsofpeople.[71]Firmsimprovesocialoutcomes,butwhiletheydoso,theyalsobenefitthemselves. Theriseofphilanthrocapitalismcanbeattributedtoglobalcapitalism.Thereisanunderstandingthatphilanthropyisnotworthwhileifnoeconomicbenefitcanbederivedbyphilanthropyorganisations,bothfromasocialandprivateperspective.Therefore,philanthropyhasbeenseenasatooltosustaineconomicgrowthandthefirm'sowngrowth,basedonhumancapitaltheory.Througheducation,specificskillsaretaughtwhichenhancepeople'scapacitytolearnandtheirproductivityatwork. Intelinvestsinscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)curricularstandardsintheUSandprovideslearningresourcesandmaterialsforschools,foritsowninnovationandrevenue.[72]TheNewEmploymentOpportunitiesinitiativeinLatinAmericaisaregionalcollaborationtotrain1millionyouthby2022toraiseemploymentstandardsandultimatelyprovideatalentedpooloflabourforcompanies. Celebrityphilanthropy[edit] Celebrityphilanthropyreferstocelebrity-affiliatedcharitableandphilanthropicactivities.Itisanincreasinglyprevalenttopicofscholarshipinstudiesof'thepopular'vis-à-visthemodernandpost-modernworld.[73]: 3 Structuredandsystematisedcharitablegivingbycelebritiesisarelativelynewphenomenon.Althoughcharityandfameareassociatedhistorically,itwasonlyinthe1990sthatentertainmentandsportscelebritiesfromaffluentwesternsocietiesbecameinvolvedwithaparticulartypeofphilanthropy.[73]: 1–16 Celebrityphilanthropyincontemporarywesternsocietiesisnotisolatedtolargeone-offmonetarydonationsbydefinition.Itinvolvescelebritiesusingtheirpublicity,brandcredibilityandpersonalwealthtopromotenot-for-profitorganisations,whichareincreasingly'business-like'inform.Thisissometimestermedas'celanthropy'–thefusionofcelebrityandcauseasarepresentationofwhattheorganisationadvocates.[73]: 5  Implicationsongovernmentandgovernance[edit] Theadventofcelebrityphilanthropyhasseenthecontractionofgovernmentinvolvementinareassuchaswelfaresupportandforeignaidtonameafew.Thiscanbeidentifiedfromtheproliferationofneoliberalpolicies[citationneeded].Conversely,publicinterestgroups,not-for-profitorganisationsandtheUnitedNationsnowbudgetextensiveamountsoftimeandmoneytousecelebrityendorsersintheircampaigns.AnexampleofthisisthePeople'sClimateMarch,whichtookplaceon21September2014.ThedemonstrationwaspartofthelargerPeople'sClimateMovement,whichaimstoraiseawarenessofclimatechangeandenvironmentalissuesmoregenerally.NotablecelebritieswhoarepartofthiscampaignincludeactorsLeonardoDiCaprio,MarkRuffaloandEdwardNorton.[74] Examples[edit] TheConcertforBangladesh BandAid LiveAid NetAid DannyThomasandSt.JudeChildren'sResearchHospital GeenaDavisInstituteonGenderinMedia JerryLewisandtheMDATelethon ListofUNICEFGoodwillAmbassadors Newman'sOwn TigerWoodsFoundation RichardGereActivism RemoteAreaMedical BeyondtheCrisis Philanthropiccapitalism[edit] PhilanthropiccapitalismorPhilanthrocapitalismisawayofdoingphilanthropythroughthecapitalistrealm.Insteadofitbeingforprofit,thephilanthropistdoesitasanon-profitandonlybreaksevenoreventakesasmallloss,buttheoverallgaintothecommunitywouldbegreaterthanthesmalllosstheyin-cured.[75]Forexample,ifaphilanthropistputsup$10milliondollarsforneighborhoodrevitalizationtobuildnewhomesinplaceofdilapidatedhousingandonlybreaksevenortakesonasmalllosssellingthehomes.Iftheytooka$1,000lossoneachhome,10,000homescouldbemadewiththatinitialphilanthropicdonation.Itcouldberunlikeanonprofitorganizationsotheywouldn'thavetopaypropertytaxesonthehomesastheywerewaitingtobesold. Criticism[edit] Despitetheinitialobservedbenefitsofphilanthropyasavariantformofcharity,ithasbeennotedthatphilanthropyhasbeenusedbyultrahigh-net-worthindividualstooffsettheirlargertaxliabilities,throughcharitablecontributiondeductionsenabledbythetaxcode.InthebookWinnersTakeAll:TheEliteCharadeofChangingtheWorldbyAnandGiridharadas,henotesthatvariousphilanthropicinitiativesbythewealthyeliteinpracticefunctiontoentrenchthepowerstructuresandspecialinterestsofthewealthyelite.[76]Forexample,despiteRobertF.Smith'sgenerositybypayingoffthestudentdebtincurredbytheMorehouseclassof2019,hesimultaneouslyfoughtagainstchangestothetaxcodethatwouldhavemademoremoneyavailabletohelplow-incomestudentspayforcollege.Asaresult,Giridharadasargues,Smith'sphilanthropicgivingfunctionstoreinforcetheprevailingstatusquoandperpetuatesincomeinequality,insteadofaddressingtherootcauseofsocialissues.[77] Theabilityofwealthypeopletodeductasignificantamountoftheirtaxliabilitiesintheformofphilanthropicgiving,asnotedbythelateGermanbillionaireshippingmagnateandphilanthropistPeterKramer,functionedas"abadtransferofpower",fromdemocraticallyelectedpoliticianstounelectedbillionaires,wherebyitisnolonger"thestatethatdetermineswhatisgoodforthepeople,butrathertherichwhodecide".TheGlobalPolicyForum,anindependentpolicywatchdogwhichfunctionstomonitortheactivitiesoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly,warnedgovernmentsandinternationalorganisationsthattheyshould"assessthegrowinginfluenceofmajorphilanthropicfoundations,andespeciallytheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation…andanalysetheintendedandunintendedrisksandside-effectsoftheiractivities"priortoacceptingmoneyfromrichdonors.In2015,GlobalPolicyForumalsowarnedelectedpoliticiansthattheyshouldbeparticularlyconcernedabout"theunpredictableandinsufficientfinancingofpublicgoods,thelackofmonitoringandaccountabilitymechanisms,andtheprevailingpracticeofapplyingbusinesslogictotheprovisionofpublicgoods".[78] Giridharadasalsoarguesthatphilanthrophyalsofunctionstodistractthegeneralpublicfromsomeoftheill-gottengainsthatwerederivedforprofitfromthemarketplace.Forexample,theSacklerfamilywereknownfortheirgenerousphilanthropicgivingtovariousculturalinstitutionsworldwide.However,theirphilanthropicgivingfunctionedasdeceptionandpropaganda,astheirlegacyofgenerositywastaintedbythesubsequentexposureofPurduePharma'sroleinencouragingandexacerbatingtheopioidepidemic.[79]Asaresultoftheirexposedill-gottengainsfromthesocialissuescausedbythephilanthropicdonors,theBritishinstitutionsoftheNationalPortraitGallery,LondonandtheTate,alongwiththeAmericaninstitutionSolomonR.GuggenheimMuseum,announcedtheirrejectionofcharitablegivingfromtheSacklerfamilytrusts.[79] Seealso[edit] Listofphilanthropists Listofwealthiestcharitablefoundations Charitableorganization Ethicsofphilanthropy Effectivealtruism Foundation(charity) Non-profitorganization Venturephilanthropy Visitingthesick Misanthropy Philanthropiccapitalism 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^NicolasDelalande,"GivingandGambling:TheGueulesCassées,theNationalLottery,andtheMoralEconomyoftheWelfareStatein1930sFrance."FrenchHistoricalStudies40#4(2017):623–649. ^WilliamH.Schneider,"War,philanthropy,andtheNationalInstituteofHygieneinFrance."Minerva41#1(2003):1–23. ^TimothyB."TheSocialTransformationofHospitalsandtheRiseofMedicalInsuranceinFrance,1914–1943."TheHistoricalJournal41#4(1998):1055–1087. ^ThomasAdam,Philanthropy,CivilSociety,andtheStateinGermanhistory,1815–1989(2016). ^AndrewLees,"DeviantSexualityandOther'Sins':TheViewsofProtestantConservativesinImperialGermany."GermanStudiesReview23.3(2000):453–476. ^AndrewLees,Cities,SinandSocialReforminImperialGermany(2002). ^DimitrisN.Chorafas(2016).EducationandEmploymentintheEuropeanUnion:TheSocialCostofBusiness.Routledge.p. 255.ISBN 9781317145936. ^Adam,Philanthropy,pp1–7. ^Adam,Philanthropy,pp142–73. ^GeorgeH.Nash,"AnAmericanEpic:HerbertHooverandBelgianReliefinWorldWarI,"Prologue(1989)21#1pp75–86 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^RubioRoyo,Enrique(2009-09-30)."Nuevo"rol"yparadigmasdelAprendizaje,enunaSociedadGlobalenREDyCompleja:laEradelConocimientoyelAprendizaje".Arbor.CLXXXV(Extra):41–62.doi:10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205.ISSN 1988-303X. ^abcAllatson,Paul;Jeffreys,Elaine(2015).CelebrityPhilanthropy.Bristol,UK:Intellect. ^"Endorsements".People'sClimateMovement.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14August2015.Retrieved27July2015. ^"CapitalistPhilanthropy:AMeansofCircumventingtheState?|Countercurrents".4August2020. ^"Binah:AnandGiridharadasontheFallacyofBillionairePhilanthropy".KALW.Retrieved2021-11-15. ^Campbell,David."AnewreasonAmericansaregettingleeryofbillionairedonors".TheConversation.Retrieved2021-11-15. ^"Howphilanthropybenefitsthesuper-rich".theGuardian.2020-09-08.Retrieved2021-11-15. ^abLivni,Ephrat."Whatcouldpossiblybewrongwithwantingtochangetheworld?".Quartz.Retrieved2021-11-15. Furtherreading[edit] Adam,Thomas.Philanthropy,Patronage,andCivilSociety:ExperiencesfromGermany,GreatBritain,andNorthAmerica(2008) Burlingame,D.F.Ed.(2004).PhilanthropyinAmerica:Acomprehensivehistoricalencyclopaedia(3vol.ABCClio). Curti,MerleE.Americanphilanthropyabroad:ahistory(RutgersUP,1963). Grimm,RobertT.NotableAmericanPhilanthropists:BiographiesofGivingandVolunteering(2002)excerpt Hitchcock,WilliamI.(2014)"WorldWarIandthehumanitarianimpulse."TheTocquevilleReview/LarevueTocqueville35.2(2014):145–163. Ilchman,WarrenF.etal.PhilanthropyintheWorld'sTraditions(1998)ExaminesphilanthropyinBuddhist,Islamic,Hindu,Jewish,andNativeAmericanreligioustraditionsandinculturesfromLatinAmerica,EasternEurope,theMiddleEast,Africa,andAsia.online Jordan,W.K.PhilanthropyinEngland,1480–1660:AStudyoftheChangingPatternofEnglishSocialAspirations(1959)online Kiger,JosephC.Philanthropistsandfoundationglobalization(TransactionPublishers,2011). Petersen,JørnHenrik,KlausPetersen,andSørenKolstrup."Autonomy,CooperationorColonization?ChristianPhilanthropyandStateWelfareinDenmark."JournalofChurchandState56#1(2014):81–104. Reich,Rob,ChiaraCordelli,andLucyBernholz,eds.Philanthropyindemocraticsocieties:History,institutions,values(UofChicagoPress,2016). Zunz,Olivier.PhilanthropyinAmerica:Ahistory(PrincetonUP,2014). 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