Country - Wikipedia

A country may be an independent sovereign state or part of a larger state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, a physical territory ... Country FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Distinctterritorialbodyorpoliticalentity NottobeconfusedwithRuralareaorCounty. Forotheruses,seeCountry(disambiguation). MapshowingcountrieswithfullrecognitionandsomeUNnon-memberstates;somedisputedterritoriesarenotshown. Acountryisadistinctterritorialbodyorpoliticalentity.[1]Itisoftenreferredtoasthelandofanindividual'sbirth,residenceorcitizenship. Acountrymaybeanindependentsovereignstateorpartofalargerstate,[2]asanon-sovereignorformerlysovereignpoliticaldivision,aphysicalterritorywithagovernment,orageographicregionassociatedwithsetsofpreviouslyindependentordifferentlyassociatedpeopleswithdistinctpoliticalcharacteristics.Itisnotinherentlysovereign. Countriescanreferbothtosovereignstatesandtootherpoliticalentities,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]notwithoutcontroversies,[10][11][12][13]whileothertimesitcanreferonlytostates.[14][unreliablesource?]Forexample,theCIAWorldFactbookusesthewordinits"Countryname"fieldtoreferto"awidevarietyofdependencies,areasofspecialsovereignty,uninhabitedislands,andotherentitiesinadditiontothetraditionalcountriesorindependentstates".[15][note1] ThelargestcountryintheworldbygeographicalareaisRussia,whilethemostpopulousisChina,followedbyIndia,theUnitedStates,andIndonesia.[24]ThenewestUnitedNations(UN)memberisSouthSudan.AdmissionofnewmembersrequirestheapprovaloftheGeneralAssembly;since1991,UNmembershiphasbeenreservedtosovereignstates.[25][citationneeded]Microstatesaresovereigncountrieshavingaverysmallpopulationorverysmalllandarea,usuallyboth;examplesofmicrostatesincludetheVaticanCity,MonacoandSanMarino. Contents 1Etymologyandusage 2Countrynames 3Countrysymbols 4Sovereigntystatus 5Countryclassification 5.1TheUnitedNations 5.2TheWorldBank 6Seealso 7Notes 8References 9Furtherreading 10Externallinks Etymologyandusage[edit] ThewordcountrycomesfromOldFrenchcontrée,whichderivesfromVulgarLatin(terra)contrata("(land)lyingopposite";"(land)spreadbefore"),derivedfromcontra("against,opposite").ItmostlikelyenteredtheEnglishlanguageaftertheFranco-Normaninvasionduringthe11thcentury. InEnglishthewordhasincreasinglybecomeassociatedwithpoliticaldivisions,sothatonesense,associatedwiththeindefinitearticle–"acountry"–throughmisuseandsubsequentconflationisnowasynonymforstate,oraformersovereignstate,inthesenseofsovereignterritoryor"district,nativeland".[26]AreasmuchsmallerthanapoliticalstatemaybecalledbynamessuchastheWestCountryinEngland,theBlackCountry(aheavilyindustrialisedpartofEngland),"ConstableCountry"(apartofEastAngliapaintedbyJohnConstable),the"bigcountry"(usedinvariouscontextsoftheAmericanWest),"coalcountry"(usedofpartsoftheUSandelsewhere)andmanyotherterms.[27] TheequivalenttermsinFrenchandotherRomancelanguages(paysandvariants)havenotcarriedtheprocessofbeingidentifiedwithpoliticalsovereignstatesasfarastheEnglish"country",insteadderivedfrom,theRomantermpagus,whichcontinuedtobeusedintheMiddleAgesforsmallgeographicalareassimilartothesizeofEnglishcounties.InmanyEuropeancountriesthewordsareusedforsub-divisionsofthenationalterritory,asintheGermanBundesländer,aswellasalessformaltermforasovereignstate.Francehasverymany"pays"thatareofficiallyrecognisedatsomelevel,andareeithernaturalregions,likethePaysdeBray,orreflectoldpoliticaloreconomicentities,likethePaysdelaLoire. Aversionof"country"canbefoundinthemodernFrenchascontrée,basedonthewordcuntréeinOldFrench,[27]thatisusedsimilarlytotheword"pays"todefinenon-stateregions,butcanalsobeusedtodescribeapoliticalstateinsomeparticularcases.ThemodernItaliancontradaisawordwithitsmeaningvaryinglocally,butusuallymeaningawardorsimilarsmalldivisionofatown,oravillageorhamletinthecountryside. Countrynames[edit] Seealso:Listofcountry-nameetymologies,Countrycode,andListofISO3166countrycodes Mostcountriesareknownbytwonames:aprotocol,formal,full,orofficialname;andageographical,common,orshortname.[28][29][30][31] Countrysymbols[edit] Seealso:NationalsymbolSymbolsofacountryindicatecultural,religiousorpoliticalsymbolofanynationorracethecountryconsistsof.Therearemanycategoriesofsymbolswhichcanbeseeninflags,coatofarmsorseals. Flags Coatsofarmsornationalemblems Sealsorstamps Nationalmottos Nationalcolours Nationalanthems Sovereigntystatus[edit] Mainarticle:Listofsovereignstates Theterm"country"canrefertoasovereignstate.Thereisnouniversalagreementonthenumberof"countries"intheworldsinceanumberofstateshavedisputedsovereigntystatus.Byoneapplicationofthedeclarativetheoryofstatehoodandconstitutivetheoryofstatehood,[32]thereare206sovereignstates;ofwhich193aremembersoftheUN,twohaveobserverstatusattheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly(UNGA)(theHolySeeandPalestine),and11othersareneitheramembernorobserverattheUNGA.ThelatestproclaimedstatetogainUNmembershipisSouthSudansince2011. Thedegreeofautonomyofnon-sovereigncountriesvarieswidely.Somearepossessionsofsovereignstates,asseveralstateshaveoverseasterritories(suchasFrenchPolynesia,apaysd'outre-mer,ortheBritishVirginIslands,anoverseasterritories),withcitizenryattimesidenticalandattimesdistinctfromtheirown.Suchterritories,withtheexceptionofdistinctdependentterritories,[clarify]areusuallylistedtogetherwithsovereignstatesonlistsofcountries,butmaynonethelessbetreatedasaseparate"countryoforigin"ininternationaltrade,asHongKongis.[33][34][35] Afewstatesconsistofaunionofsmallerpolitieswhichareconsideredcountries: FranceincludeFrenchPolynesia,whichhasthesuigenerisstatusofpaysd'outre-mer(overseascountry),amongtherestoflesOutre-mer(overseasFrance),inadditionto"MetropolitanFrance"("theHexagon").[36] TheKingdomoftheNetherlandsincludefourseparateconstituentcountries(Dutch:landen):Netherlands,Aruba,Curaçao,andSintMaarten. TheUnitedKingdomincludethefourcountriesEngland,NorthernIreland,ScotlandandWales.TheCrownDependenciesandtheOverseasTerritories,whicharenotpartoftheUKitself,arealsoconsideredcountries(e.g.,Bermuda[37]). Countryclassification[edit] Severalorganisationsseektoidentifytrendsinordertoproducecountryclassifications.Countriesareoftendistinguishedasdevelopingcountriesordevelopedcountries. TheUnitedNations[edit] TheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsannuallyproducestheWorldEconomicSituationandProspectsReportthatclassifiesstatesasdevelopedcountries,economiesintransition,ordevelopingcountries.Thereportclassifiescountrydevelopmentbasedonpercapitagrossnationalincome(GNI).Withinthebroadcategories,theUNidentifiessubgroupsbasedongeographicallocationoradhoccriteria.TheUNoutlinesthegeographicalregionsfordevelopingeconomiesasAfrica,EastAsia,SouthAsia,WesternAsia,andLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.The2019reportrecognisesonlydevelopedcountriesinNorthAmerica,Europe,andAsiaandthePacific.ThemajorityofeconomiesintransitionanddevelopingcountriesarefoundinAfrica,Asia,andLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean. TheUNadditionallyrecognisesmultipletrendsthatimpactthedevelopmentalstatusofcountriesintheWorldEconomicSituationandProspects.Thereporthighlightsfuel-exportingandfuel-importingcountries,aswellassmallislanddevelopingstatesandlandlockeddevelopingcountries.Italsoidentifiesheavilyindebtedpoorcountries.[38] TheWorldBank[edit] TheWorldBankalsoclassifiescountriesbasedonGNIpercapita.UsingtheWorldBankAtlasmethod,itclassifiescountriesaslow-incomeeconomies,lower-middle-incomeeconomies,upper-middle-incomeeconomies,orhigh-incomeeconomies.Forthe2020fiscalyear,theWorldBankdefineslow-incomeeconomiesascountrieswithaGNIpercapitaof$1,025orlessin2018;lowermiddle-incomeeconomiesascountrieswithaGNIpercapitabetween$1,026and$3,995;uppermiddle-incomeeconomiesascountrieswithaGNIpercapitabetween$3,996and$12,375;high-incomeeconomiesascountrieswithaGNIpercapitaof$12,376ormore.[39] Italsoidentifiesregionaltrends.TheWorldBankdefinesitsregionsasEastAsiaandPacific,EuropeandCentralAsia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,NorthAmerica,SouthAsia,andSub-SaharanAfrica.Lastly,theWorldBankdistinguishescountriesbasedontheoperationalpoliciesoftheWorldBank.ThethreecategoriesincludeInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA)countries,InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)countries,andBlendcountries. Seealso[edit] Countriesportal Geographyportal Citynetwork Constituentstate Listsofcountriesandterritories Listofformersovereignstates Listofsovereignstatesanddependentterritoriesbycontinent Listoftranscontinentalcountries Micronation Princelystate Quasi-state Notes[edit] ^Generalinformationorstatisticalpublicationsthatadoptthewiderdefinitionforpurposessuchasillustrationandcomparisoninclude:[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] References[edit] ^"DefinitionofCountry".Worlddata.info.26November2021. ^Jones,J.(1964).WhatMakesaCountry?HumanEvents,24(31),14. ^TjheKwetKoevMinisterforImmigration&EthnicAffairs[1997]FCA912(8September1997),FederalCourt(Australia) ^ChanChuenvEsperdy,285F.2d353 ^JohnCheungvUnitedStates,213F.3d82 ^KinWanTsovUnitedStates,251Fed.Appx.51 ^"SwissairlineswitchesHongKongflagtoChina'sonwebsite'inaccordancewithinternationalusage'".HKFP.9August2018. ^"There'samajoroversightinChina's"Orwellian"bullyingoverTaiwan".Quartz. ^"'Economicblackmail':Zara,Qantas,MarriottandDeltaAirLinesreversepositiononTaiwanforfearofangeringChina".BusinessInsider. ^"U.S.CondemnsChinafor'Orwelliannonsense'overairlinewebsites".Reuters.7May2018. ^"ForcingairlinestoclassifyTaiwan,HongKongasChineseterritoriesis'Orwelliannonsense,'WhiteHousesays".AFP.6May2018. ^"ChinahitsbackonWhiteHouse's'Orwelliannonsense'claim".SydneyMorningHerald.6May2018. ^"Airlines,includingIsrael'selal,cavingtoBeijingpressureonTaiwan|theTimesofIsrael".TheTimesofIsrael. ^Rosenberg,Matt."Geography:Country,State,andNation".Retrieved12November2008.[unreliablesource?] ^"TheWorldFactbook".CIA.Retrieved16February2012. ^"GreenlandCountryInformation".Countryreports.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21December2007.Retrieved28May2008."TheWorldFactbook–RankOrder–Exports".CentralIntelligenceAgency.Retrieved12November2008. ^"IndexofEconomicFreedom-Countries".IndexofEconomicFreedom.TheHeritageFoundation.Retrieved12November2008. ^"IndexofEconomicFreedom–Top10Countries".TheHeritageFoundation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24January2008.Retrieved12November2008. ^"Asia-Pacific(RegionA)EconomicInformation"(PDF).TheHeritageFoundation.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on14November2008.Retrieved12November2008. ^"Subjectivewell-beingin97countries"(PDF).UniversityofMichigan.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on19August2008.Retrieved12November2008. ^Mercer's2012CostofLivingSurveycityrankingsArchived25July2008attheWaybackMachine.Mercer.com(18December2008).Retrievedon2013-07-12. ^EIUDigitalSolutions."food,industryandriskanalysisfromTheEconomistIntelligenceUnit–Listofcountries–TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit".eiu.com. ^Hanke,SteveH.(May2014)."MeasuringMiseryaroundtheWorld".CatoInstitute. ^"WorldPopulationClock:7.9BillionPeople(2021)-Worldometer".www.worldometers.info.Retrieved21September2021. ^"AdmissionofNewMemberstotheUnitedNations-RulesofProcedure".UnitedNations.26November2021.[failedverification] ^OED,Country ^abJohnSimpson,EdmundWeiner(ed.).OxfordEnglishDictionary(1971compact ed.).Oxford,England:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8.Missingorempty|title=(help) ^"PublicationsOffice–InterinstitutionalStyleGuide–AnnexA5–Listofcountries,territoriesandcurrencies".publications.europa.eu. ^UNGEGNWorldGeographicalNames ^"FAOCountryProfiles".www.fao.org. ^Countries:Designationsandabbreviationstouse ^"DeclaratoryandConsitutiveTheoriesofState/CountryRecognition".LawTeacher.net.26November2021. ^"MadeInTheBritishCrownColony".Thuy-TienCrampton.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7April2014. ^"Matchboxlabel,madeinHongKong".delcampe.net.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1April2014. ^"CarrhartMadeInHongKong?".ContractorTalk. ^https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/2018_5_nsgt_french_polynesia_prs2018c_rr_16.pdf#-mGIONjnuQJUJ%3a ^"Conflicted,conservativeBermudastagesfirstPrideparade".Reuters.30August2019. ^"WorldEconomicandSituationProspects2019"(PDF).TheUnitedNations.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved18January2020. ^"HowdoestheWorldBankclassifycountries?".TheWorldBank.TheWorldBank.Retrieved18January2020. Furtherreading[edit] DefiningwhatmakesacountryTheEconomist Externallinks[edit] CountryatWikipedia'ssisterprojectsDefinitionsfromWiktionaryMediafromWikimediaCommonsNewsfromWikinewsQuotationsfromWikiquoteTextsfromWikisourceTextbooksfromWikibooksResourcesfromWikiversityDatafromWikidata TheCIAWorldFactbook CountryStudiesfromtheUnitedStatesLibraryofCongress ForeignInformationbyCountryandCountry&TerritoryGuidesfromGovPubsatUCBLibraries UnitedNationsstatisticsdivision vteListofsovereignstatesanddependentterritoriesbycontinentContinents Africa Antarctica Asia Europe NorthAmerica Oceania SouthAmerica Supercontinents Americas Eurasia Islands Listofislandcountries Authoritycontrol IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country&oldid=1057839273" Categories:CountriesHumangeographyHiddencategories:AllarticleslackingreliablereferencesArticleslackingreliablereferencesfromJanuary2021WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksAllarticleswithfailedverificationArticleswithfailedverificationfromNovember2021CS1errors:missingtitleArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromJuly2019AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2021AllWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromJanuary2021ArticlescontainingDutch-languagetextPagesusingSisterprojectlinkswithwikidatanamespacemismatchPagesusingSisterprojectlinkswithdefaultsearchArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAragonésঅসমীয়াAsturianuAymararuAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBislamaБългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaCorsuCymraegDanskडोटेलीཇོང་ཁEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraفارسیFijiHindiFrançaisFryskGaelgGàidhligGalegoГӀалгӀай贛語ગુજરાતી客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaHawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoIlokanoবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়ামণিপুরীBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueÍslenskaItalianoქართულიकॉशुर/کٲشُرҚазақшаKiswahiliKreyòlayisyenKriyòlgwiyannenKurdîКыргызчаLadinoລາວLatinaLatviešuЛезгиLietuviųLingálaLa.lojban.MagyarMalagasyMaltiमराठीმარგალურიBahasaMelayuMinangkabauMìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Mirandésမြန်မာဘာသာNaVosaVakavitiNederlandsनेपालीनेपालभाषा日本語Norfuk/PitkernNorsknynorskOccitanОлыкмарийOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیپښتوPatoisភាសាខ្មែរPlattdüütschPortuguêsRomânăRomaničhibРусскийСахатылаᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤScotsSesothoSesothosaLeboaසිංහලSimpleEnglishسنڌيSlovenščinaSoomaaligaکوردیSranantongoСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaతెలుగుไทยትግርኛТоҷикӣTürkçeУдмуртУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە/UyghurcheVahcuenghVènetoTiếngViệtVolapükVõroWinaray吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語中文 Editlinks