License - Wikipedia

A license (American English) or licence (British English) is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that ... License FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Legalconcept "Licence"redirectshere.Forthehistorian,seeTomLicence. ForWikipedia'slicensingpolicy,seeWikipedia:Copyrights. Governmentsissuedriver'slicensestopeoplewhoareallowedtodrivemotorvehiclesonpublicroads. Propertylaw Partofthecommonlawseries Types Realproperty Personalproperty Communityproperty Unownedproperty Acquisition Gift Adversepossession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost,mislaid,andabandonedproperty Treasuretrove Bailment License Alienation Estatesinland Allodialtitle Feesimple Feetail Lifeestate Defeasibleestate Futureinterest remainder Concurrentestate Leaseholdestate Condominiums Realestate Landtenure Conveyancing Bonafidepurchaser Torrenstitle Stratatitle Deedsregistration Estoppelbydeed Quitclaimdeed Mortgage Equitableconversion Actiontoquiettitle Escheat Futureusecontrol Restraintonalienation Ruleagainstperpetuities RuleinShelley'sCase Doctrineofworthiertitle Nonpossessoryinterest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitableservitude Relatedtopics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicingwithoutalicense Propertyrights Mineralrights Waterrights priorappropriation riparian Lateralandsubjacentsupport Assignment Nemodat Quicquidplantatur Conflictofpropertylaws Blackacre Securitydeposit Othercommonlawareas Contractlaw Tortlaw Wills,trustsandestates Criminallaw Evidence Highercategory:LawandCommonlaw vte Alicense(AmericanEnglish)orlicence(BritishEnglish)[1]isanofficialpermissionorpermittodo,use,orownsomething(aswellasthedocumentofthatpermissionorpermit).[1] Alicenseisgrantedbyaparty(licensor)toanotherparty(licensee)asanelementofanagreementbetweenthoseparties.Inthecaseofalicenseissuedbyagovernment,thelicenseisobtainedbyapplyingforit.Inthecaseofaprivateparty,itisbyaspecificagreement,usuallyinwriting(suchasaleaseorothercontract).Thesimplestdefinitionis"Alicenseisapromisenottosue,"becausealicenseusuallyeitherpermitsthelicensedpartytoengageinanactivitywhichisillegal,andsubjecttoprosecution,withoutthelicense(e.g.fishing,drivinganautomobile,oroperatingabroadcastradioortelevisionstation),oritpermitsthelicensedpartytodosomethingthatwouldviolatetherightsofthelicensingparty(e.g.makecopiesofacopyrightedwork),which,withoutthelicense,thelicensedpartycouldbesued,civilly,criminally,orboth. Inparticular,alicensemaybeissuedbyauthorities,toallowanactivitythatwouldotherwisebeforbidden.Itmayrequirepayingafeeorprovingacapability(orboth).Therequirementmayalsoservetokeeptheauthoritiesinformedonatypeofactivity,andtogivethemtheopportunitytosetconditionsandlimitations. Alicensormaygrantalicenseunderintellectualpropertylawstoauthorizeause(suchascopyingsoftwareorusingapatentedinvention)toalicensee,sparingthelicenseefromaclaimofinfringementbroughtbythelicensor.[2]Alicenseunderintellectualpropertycommonlyhasseveralcomponentsbeyondthegrantitself,includingaterm,territory,renewalprovisions,andotherlimitationsdeemedvitaltothelicensor. Term:manylicensesarevalidforaparticularlengthoftime.Thisprotectsthelicensorshouldthevalueofthelicenseincrease,ormarketconditionschange.Italsopreservesenforceabilitybyensuringthatnolicenseextendsbeyondthetermoftheagreement. Territory:alicensemaystipulatewhatterritorytherightspertainto.Forexample,alicensewithaterritorylimitedto"NorthAmerica"(Mexico/UnitedStates/Canada)wouldnotpermitalicenseeanyprotectionfromactionsforuseinJapan. Again,ashorthanddefinitionoflicenseis"apromisebythelicensornottosuethelicensee".Thatmeanswithoutalicenseanyuseorexploitationofintellectualpropertybyathirdpartywouldamounttocopyingorinfringement.Suchcopyingwouldbeimproperandcould,byusingthelegalsystem,bestoppediftheintellectualpropertyownerwantedtodoso.[3] Intellectualpropertylicensingplaysamajorroleinbusiness,academiaandbroadcasting.Businesspracticessuchasfranchising,technologytransfer,publicationandcharactermerchandisingentirelydependonthelicensingofintellectualproperty.Landlicensing(proprietarylicensing)andIPlicensing. Contents 1Realpropertylicenses 1.1Creation 1.2Termination 1.3Remedies 2Masslicensingofsoftware 3Patentlicensing 4Trademarkandbrandlicensing 5Artworkandcharacterlicensing 6Academia 7Vehiclelicensing 8Criminallaw 9Economictheory 10Criticism 11Seealso 12References 13Externallinks Realpropertylicenses[edit] Alicenseprovidesonepartywiththeauthoritytoactonanother'sland,whensuchactionwouldtypicallyamounttotrespassabsentthatlicense.Akeydistinctionbetweenlicensesandleasesisthatalicensegrantsthelicenseearevocablenon-assignableprivilegetoactuponthelandofthelicensor,withoutgrantinganypossessoryinterestintheland.[4]Oncealicenseisagreedupon,thelicenseemayoccupythelandonlysofarasisnecessarytocompletetheact.Anotherkeydistinctionbetweenalicenseandaleaseisthatleasesaregenerallyrequiredtobeinwriting,wherethestatuteoffraudsrequiresit,whilelicensescanbemadeorally. Creation[edit] Alicenseisgenerallycreatedbyanexpressorimpliedagreement.Thelicensormustagreetothelicensewhichcanbeshowninwritingorthelicensorsacquiescenceinitsexercise.Furthermore,unlikemanyothercontractualagreements,alicensedoesnotrequireconsideration,alicensecanbecreatedwithorwithoutit.Moreover,whetheranagreementisheldtobea“license”andnotaleasewilldependonthreeessentialcharacteristicsofalicense:(1)aclauseallowingthelicensortorevoke“atwill";(2)theretentionbythelicensorofabsolutecontroloverthepremises;and(3)thelicensor'ssupplyingtothelicenseealloftheessentialservicesrequiredforthelicensee'spermitteduseofthepremises.[5] Termination[edit] Underapurelicensingagreement,thelicensor,underitstermsandbycommon-law,cancanceltheagreementatwillandwithoutcause,unlessitiscoupledwithaninterestormadeirrevocablebycontract.Alicensethathasbeencoupledwithaninterestisnotrevocablebythelicensorwithoutexposuretoliabilityandpotentialdamages.Intheeventalicenseiscoupledwithaninterest,thelicensormustprovidereasonabletimeforthelicenseetoremovethatinterestfromthepropertypriortotermination.Additionally,becausealicensedoesnotconferanypossessoryinterestinthelicensee,intheeventofasaleoftheproperty,thelicenseisterminatedandcannotbeenforcedagainstthenewownersofthatproperty.Moreover,thedeathofeitherthelicenseeorlicensorwillterminatetheagreement. Remedies[edit] Ifalicenseisrevocableatwillbythelicensor,courtswillbeunabletograntspecificperformanceinfavorofthelicensee.[4]Alicenseewouldbeunsuccessfulinbringingforcibleentryclaimsoradetainerproceedingbecausethelicenseewasnevergrantedanypossoryinterest.TheLicenseewouldalsonotbeabletorecoverdamagesformoneyspentunlesstheyareabletoshowdetrimentalrelianceonthelicense.Incertaincases,however,licensescanbemadeirrevocable,andspecificperformancemaybegranted.Wherealicenseismadewithasettermperiodandvalidconsiderationistransferred,revocationofthelicensepriortothetermsexpirationmayraisebreachofcontractclaimsthatcouldprovidedamagesagainstthelicensor.Furthermore,oncethelicensorterminatesorrevokesthelicense,noticeisstatutorilyrequiredpriortothecommencementofanyspecialproceedingtorecoverpossessionoftheproperty(e.g.,inNYthatrequirementis10days). Masslicensingofsoftware[edit] Massdistributedsoftwareisusedbyindividualsonpersonalcomputersunderlicensefromthedeveloperofthatsoftware.Suchlicenseistypicallyincludedinamoreextensiveend-userlicenseagreement(EULA)[6]enteredintoupontheinstallationofthatsoftwareonacomputer. Typically,alicenseisassociatedwithauniquecode,thatwhenapprovedgrantstheenduseraccesstothesoftwareinquestion. Underatypicalend-userlicenseagreement,theusermayinstallthesoftwareonalimitednumberofcomputers.[7] Theenforceabilityofend-userlicenseagreementsissometimesquestioned. Asof2020,therearevariouswaystolicensesoftwarewithdifferentkindsoflicensingmodels,whichallowsoftwarevendorstoprofitfromtheirproductofferingsinflexibleways. Patentlicensing[edit] Likeotherintellectualproperty,patentownersmaygrantpermissiontootherstoengageinconductthatwouldotherwisebewithinthescopeofapatent.[8]Forexample,apatentownermayauthorizealicenseetomake,use,sell,offerforsale,orimportapatentedproduct.Suchagreementsaretypicallyreferredtoasapatentlicenseagreementoracovenantnottosue.Theseagreementscanlastforaspecificperiodoftime(suchas5years)orfortheentirelifeofthepatent(i.e.,untilthepatentexpires).[8]Patentlicenseagreementsmayalsobeexclusive(i.e.,thelicenseeistheonlypersonorentitythatisallowedtosell,make,use,offertosell,orimportthepatentedinvention)ornon-exclusive(i.e.,thelicenseeissimplyoneofseveralentitieswhohasrightsunderthepatent).[8]Finally,anyrightsgivenundertheagreementmaybelimitedtoaparticular"fieldofuse"(e.g.,alicenseemaybeabletopracticeaninventioninthefieldofconsumerelectronics,butnotinthefieldofindustrialelectronics).[8] Often,patentownerswillrequirealicenseetopaymoneyinexchangeforgrantingapatentlicense.Suchpaymentsarereferredtoasroyaltypaymentsandcomeprimarilyintwoforms:lumpsumorrunningroyalty.[8]Alumpsumroyaltyinvolvesanupfront,one-timepayment,whilearunningroyaltytypicallyinvolvesperiodicpayments(e.g.,quarterlyorannual)basedonthenumberofpatentedproductssoldorimported. Trademarkandbrandlicensing[edit] Alicensormaygrantpermissiontoalicenseetodistributeproductsunderatrademark.Withsuchalicense,thelicenseemayusethetrademarkwithoutfearofaclaimoftrademarkinfringementbythelicensor. Theassignmentofalicenseoftendependsonspecificcontractualterms.Themostcommontermsare,thatalicenseisonlyapplicableforaparticulargeographicregion,justforacertainperiodoftimeormerelyforastageinthevaluechain. Moreover,therearedifferenttypesoffeeswithinthetrademarkandbrandlicensing.Thefirstformdemandsafeeindependentofsalesandprofits,thesecondtypeoflicensefeeisdependentontheproductivityofthelicensee. Forexample,McDonald'slicensestheirtrademarksuchasthe"GoldenArches"orthe"BigMac,"butthelicensesgivesMcDonald'sarighttoimposestrictqualitystandardstotheirfranchiseesastheycantakebacktherighttothetrademarkiftheydonotmeetMcDonald'sstandards.[9] Whenalicensorgrantspermissiontoalicenseetonotonlydistribute,butmanufactureapatentedproduct,itisknownaslicensedproduction. Artworkandcharacterlicensing[edit] Alicensormaygrantapermissiontoalicenseetocopyanddistributecopyrightedworkssuchas"art"(e.g.,ThomasKinkade'spaintingDawninLosGato)andcharacters(e.g.,MickeyMouse).Withsuchlicense,alicenseeneednotfearaclaimofcopyrightinfringementbroughtbythecopyrightowner. Artisticlicenseis,however,notrelatedtotheaforementionedlicense.Itisaeuphemismthatdenotesfreedomofexpression,theabilitytomakethesubjectappearmoreengagingorattractive,byfictionalisingpartofthesubject. Academia[edit] Nationalexamplesofthelicentiatearelistedatlicentiate(degree) Alicentiateisanacademicdegreethattraditionallyconferredthelicensetoteachatauniversityortopracticeaparticularprofession.Thetermsurviveddespitethefactthatnowadaysadoctorateistypicallyneededinordertoteachatauniversity.Thetermisalsousedforapersonwhoholdsalicentiate.[10][11]InEnglish,thedegreehasneverbeencalledalicense.InFrance,thelicenceisthefirstdegreeawardedinUniversities. InSweden,Finland,andinsomeotherEuropeanuniversitysystems,a'licentiate'isapostgraduatedegreebetweenthemaster'sdegreeandthedoctorate.Thelicentiateisapopularchoiceinthosecountrieswhereafulldoctoraldegreewouldtakefiveormoreyearstoachieve. Vehiclelicensing[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(December2016) Seealso:Driver'slicense Alicensetodrivingcertainvehicleshasbeenappliedtomanycountriesaroundtheworld.Beingallowedtodriveacertainvehiclerequiresaspecificdrivinglicense,thetypeoflicensedependingonthetypeofvehicle. Criminallaw[edit] Mainarticles:Parole§ UnitedKingdom,Temporarylicence,andReleaseonlicence IntheUnitedKingdomprisonersservingadeterminatesentence(afixedtimeinprison)willbereleasedpriortothecompletionoftheirfullsentence"onlicence".[12]Thelicenceistheprisoner'sagreementtomaintaincertainconditions,suchasperiodicreportingintoaprobationofficerandonlylivingatanapprovedaddress,inexchangefortheirearlyrelease.Iftheybreaktheconditionsofthelicence,theycanbe"recalled"(returnedtoprison).[13][14] Offendersservingdeterminatesentencesarereleasedautomaticallyatasetpointintheirsentence,whereasprisonersservingindeterminatesentences(e.g.lifeimprisonment)canonlybereleasedbytheparoleboard.[15] Economictheory[edit] Patentlicensinghasbeenstudiedinformaleconomicmodelsinthefieldofindustrialorganization.Inparticular,KatzandShapiro(1986)haveexploredtheoptimallicensingstrategyofaresearchlabsellingtofirmswhoarecompetitorsontheproductmarket.[16]Itturnsoutthat(comparedtothewelfare-maximizingsolution)thelicensor'sincentivestodevelopinnovationsmaybeexcessive,whilethelicensor'sincentivestodisseminatetheinnovationaretypicallytoolow.Subsequently,theseminalworkofKatzandShapiro(1986)hasbeenextendedinseveraldirections.Forexample,Bhattacharya,Glazer,andSappington(1992)havetakenintoaccountthatthefirmsacquiringlicensesmustmakefurtherinvestmentsinordertodevelopmarketableproducts.[17]Schmitz(2002,2007)hasshownthatasymmetricinformationduetoadverseselectionormoralhazardmayleadtheresearchlabtosellmorelicensesthanitwoulddoundercompleteinformation.[18][19]AnteloandSampayo(2017)havestudiedtheoptimalnumberoflicensesinasignallingmodel.[20] Criticism[edit] TheprovisionoflicensesandtheagenciesthatmandatethemareoftencriticisedbyAmericanlibertarianslikeMiltonFriedmanforcreatingananticompetitiveenvironmentforoccupations,whichcreatesabarriertoentryformorequalifiedandskilledindividualswhomaynothavetheresourcestoobtainthenecessarylicences.AccordingtoFriedman,licensesandpermitshavebecomesoburdensomeduetolegislationthatfavorsthecurrentestablishmentofwealthyoccupantsthattheydecreasethesupplyofsuchoccupations,whichraisespricesfortheaverageconsumer.Libertariansandtheanti-authoritarianleft(anarcho-communists)viewcompetingguildsandothervoluntarycommunesasbeingmorebeneficialfordisseminatingtheskillsandeducationrequiredtoperformaspecifiedcareer. Seealso[edit] Intellectualproperty-related: Brandlicensing Compulsorylicense Cross-licensing Freelicense Licensedproduction Musiclicensing Smartphonepatentlicensingandlitigation Softwarelicense Statutorylicense Other: Amateurradiolicense Bankinglicense Broadcastlicense Doglicence Driver'slicense Firearmslicense Golflicense Huntinglicense Lawlicense Licensetokill Licensee Licensingcontext(linguistics) Liquorlicense Marriagelicense Medicallicense Pilotlicense Professionallicense Televisionlicence Vehiclelicense References[edit] ^ab"licenceMeaningintheCambridgeEnglishDictionary".dictionary.cambridge.org.Retrieved15April2018. ^IntellectualPropertyLicensing:FormsandAnalysis,byRichardRaysman,EdwardA.PisacretaandKennethA.Adler.LawJournalPress,1999-2008.ISBN 978-1-58852-086-9 ^LicensingIntellectualProperty:Law&Management,byRamanMittal.SatyamLawInternational,NewDelhi,India,2011.ISBN 978-81-902883-4-7. ^ab"UsingaLicenseAgreementInsteadofaLease-ALBPC".AdamLeitmanBaileyPC-NewYorkRealEstateAttorneys.Retrieved2020-07-16. ^"CommercialProperty:LandlordsMayEntirelyEliminateLeasing".AdamLeitmanBaileyPC-NewYorkRealEstateAttorneys.Retrieved2020-07-16. ^"Interimreport". ^"FeaturesofConcludingLicensingAgreementsintheFieldofITTechnologiesinKazakhstan-IntellectualProperty-Kazakhstan". ^abcdeKasdan,Michael(2019-09-10)."PatentLicenses:KeyProvisions"(PDF).LexisNexis.Retrieved2021-02-04. ^Bagley,ConstanceE.(2018).Theentrepreneur'sguidetolawandstrategy.CraigE.Dauchy(Fifth ed.).Boston,MA.ISBN 978-1-285-42849-9.OCLC 953710378. ^OxfordLivingDictionariesAccessedSeptember16,2012 ^"DefinitionofLICENTIATE".www.merriam-webster.com.Retrieved15April2018. ^"Releaseonlicence".NationalPrisoners'FamiliesHelpline. ^"Licenceconditions,licencesandlicenceandsupervisionnotices"(PDF).NationalOffenderManagementService.23March2015.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon2March2018. ^Gianquitto,Lisa;Rule,Philip(1February2012)."LicencesandLicenceconditions".InsideTime.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7July2019. ^"Anoutlineoftheparoleprocess".gov.uk. ^Katz,MichaelL.;Shapiro,Carl(1986)."HowtoLicenseIntangibleProperty".TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics.101(3):567–589.doi:10.2307/1885697.ISSN 0033-5533.JSTOR 1885697. ^Bhattacharya,Sudipto;Glazer,Jacob;Sappington,DavidE.M(1992)."Licensingandthesharingofknowledgeinresearchjointventures".JournalofEconomicTheory.56(1):43–69.doi:10.1016/0022-0531(92)90068-S.ISSN 0022-0531. ^Schmitz,PatrickW.(2002)."OnMonopolisticLicensingStrategiesunderAsymmetricInformation"(PDF).JournalofEconomicTheory.106(1):177–189.doi:10.1006/jeth.2001.2863.ISSN 0022-0531. ^Schmitz,PatrickW.(2007)."Exclusiveversusnon-exclusivelicensingstrategiesandmoralhazard".EconomicsLetters.97(3):208–214.doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.021.ISSN 0165-1765.S2CID 154480102. ^Antelo,Manel;Sampayo,Antonio(2017)."OntheNumberofLicenseswithSignalling".TheManchesterSchool.85(6):635–660.doi:10.1111/manc.12157.ISSN 1467-9957.S2CID 156398513. Externallinks[edit] Portal:Law AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries Germany Other NationalArchives(US) 2 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=License&oldid=1075665257" Categories:LicensesLicensingBusinesslawStrategicalliancesRevenuemodelsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUseAmericanEnglishfromSeptember2020AllWikipediaarticleswritteninAmericanEnglishArticlestobeexpandedfromDecember2016AllarticlestobeexpandedArticlesusingsmallmessageboxesArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiersArticleswithmultipleidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançaisFrysk한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתಕನ್ನಡҚазақшаKiswahiliKreyòlayisyenКыргызчаLatinaLëtzebuergeschLietuviųMagyarमराठीBahasaMelayuNederlandsNedersaksies日本語НохчийнNorskbokmålNorsknynorskОлыкмарийOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaతెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt吴语粵語Žemaitėška中文 Editlinks