List of country-name etymologies - Wikipedia

This list covers English-language country names with their etymologies. Some of these include notes on indigenous names and their etymologies. Listofcountry-nameetymologies FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Listofcountry-nameetymologies" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July2007)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thisarticlepossiblycontainsoriginalresearch.Pleaseimproveitbyverifyingtheclaimsmadeandaddinginlinecitations.Statementsconsistingonlyoforiginalresearchshouldberemoved.(August2007)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ThislistcoversEnglish-languagecountrynameswiththeiretymologies.Someoftheseincludenotesonindigenousnamesandtheiretymologies.Countriesinitalicsareendonymsornolongerexistassovereignpoliticalentities. Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A[edit] Afghanistan[edit] Mainarticle:NameofAfghanistan "LandoftheAfghans",therootname"Afghān"is,accordingtosomescholars,derivedfromthenameoftheAśvakanorAssakan,ancientinhabitantsoftheHinduKushregion.[1][2][3][4][5]Aśvakanliterallymeans"horsemen","horsebreeders",or"cavalrymen"(fromaśvaoraspa,theSanskritandAvestanwordsfor"horse").[6]Historically,theethnonymAfghānwasusedtorefertoethnicPashtuns.[7]ThePersianformofthename,Afġānwasfirstattestedinthe10th-centurygeographybookHududal-'Alam.[8]Thelastpartofthename,"-stan"isaPersiansuffixfor"placeof."Therefore,"Afghanistan"translatesto"landoftheAfghans,"or"landofthePashtuns"inahistoricalsense.ThemodernConstitutionofAfghanistan,however,statesthattheword"Afghan"shallapplytoeverycitizenofAfghanistan.[9][10] Kabulistan,aformername:"LandofKabul",acityprobablyderivingitsnamefromthenearbyKabulRiverwhichwasknowninSanskritandAvestanastheKubhā,[11]possiblyfromScythianku("water").[12]ThecityhasalsobeenlinkedtotheKabolitae(AncientGreek:Καβωλῖται,Kabōlîtai)[13]andCabura(Κάβουρα,Káboura).[14]TheHinduRigvedapraisesKubhāasan"idealcity."[15][16] Albania[edit] Mainarticles:NamesoftheAlbaniansandAlbaniaandAlbania(toponym) "LandoftheAlbanians",LatinizedfromByzantineGreekAlbanía(Αλβανία),landoftherebelAlbanoi(Αλβανοι)mentionedinMichaelAttaliatesTheHistoryaroundAD1080.[17]InherAlexiad,AnnaComnenaalsomentionsasettlementcalledAlbanonorArbanon.[18]BothmaybesurvivalsoftheearlierIllyriantribe,theAlbanioftheAlbanopolisnortheastofmodernDurrëswhichappearsinPtolemyaroundAD150.[19][20]ThedemonymhasbeensupposedtoultimatelyoriginatefromLatinalba("white")[citationneeded]orfromtheproposedProto-Indo-European*alb("hill")or*alb-("white").[21] Arbëri,itsmedievalendonym:"LandoftheAlbanians"inAlbanian,presumablyfromthesamesourceasabovebywayofrhotacism.AnArbanitaiwerementionedinAttaliates'sHistoryassubjectsoftheDukeofDyrrachium,nearmodernDurrës.[17] Arnavutluk,itsOttomanTurkishname:"LandoftheAlbanians",ametathesisfromByzantineGreekArbanitaiandtheTurkishlocativesuffix-likor-luk.[22] Shqipëri,itsmodernendonym:"LandoftheUnderstanding",fromtheAlbanianadverbshqip,"understandingeachother".[23][24]Apopularpseudoetymology("LandoftheEagles")erroneouslyderivesitinsteadfromshqiponjë("eagle").[21] Algeria[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofAlgeriaandEtymologyofAlgiers "LandofAlgiers",aLatinizationofFrenchcolonialnamel'Algérieadoptedin1839.[25]Thecity'snamederivesfromFrenchAlger,itselffromCatalanAldjère,[26]fromtheOttomanTurkishCezayirandArabical-Jazāʼir(الجزائر‎,"theIslands").Thiswasatruncatedformofthecity'soldername,Jazā’irBanīMāzġānna(جزائربنيمازغان‎,"IslandsofthesonsofMazġannā"),whichreferredtofourislandsoffthecity'scoastwhichwereheldbyalocalSanhajatribe.[27][28](Theseislandsjoinedthemainlandin1525.)AnalternatetheorytracestheArabicfurtherbacktoatranscriptionoftheBerberLdzayerinreferencetoZiriibnManad,[citationneeded]founderoftheZiriddynasty,whosesonBulugginibnZiriresettledthecity.[29]InBerber,zirimeans"moonlight".[citationneeded] Algiers[30]orAlgier,[31]formernames:Asabove. Andorra[edit] Etymologyunknown.AndorrawasestablishedaspartofCharlemagne'sMarcaHispanicaanditsnamemayderivefromArabicad-Darra(الدرا‎,"theForest")[32]orNavarro-Aragoneseandurrial("scrubland").[33]OnefolketymologyholdsthatitderivesfromtheBiblicalEndor,anamebestowedbyLouisleDebonnaireafterdefeatingtheMoorsinthe"wildvalleysofHell".[34] Angola[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofAngola "LandofNdongo",fromthePortuguesecolonialname(ReinodeAngola),[35]whicherroneouslyderivedatoponymfromtheMbundutitlengolaakiluanje("conqueringngola",apriestlytitleoriginallydenotinga"chiefsmith",[36][37]theneventually"king")heldbyNdambiaNgola(Portuguese:DambiAngola)aslordofNdongo,astateinthehighlandsbetweentheKwanzaandLukalaRivers. AntiguaandBarbuda[edit] Antigua:"Ancient",correctedfromearlierAntego,[38]atruncationoftheSpanishSantaMarialaAntigua,[39]bestowedin1493byChristopherColumbusinhonoroftheVirgendelaAntigua("VirginoftheOldCathedral"[40]),areveredmid-14th-centuryiconintheChapelofLaAntiguainSevilleCathedral.[41] Barbuda:"Bearded"inSpanish,correctedfromearlierBarbado,Berbuda,Barbouthos,&c.[38][42]Thismayderivefromtheappearanceoftheisland'sfigtreesorfromthebeardsoftheindigenouspeople. Argentina[edit] Mainarticle:NameofArgentina LaArgentina("thesilvery"),a17th-centurytruncationofTierraArgentina("LandbesidetheSilveryRiver",lit."SilveryLand"),namedviapoeticSpanishargentoinreferencetotheRíodelaPlata("SilverRiver";Latin:Argenteus),socalledbySebastianCabotduringhisexpeditionthereinthe1520safteracquiringsomesilvertrinketsfromtheGuaraníalongtheParanánearmodern-dayAsunción,Paraguay.[43] Armenia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofArmeniaandArmenia(name) Etymologyunknown.LatinizedfromGreekArmenía(Ἀρμενία),"LandoftheArmenioi"(Αρμένιοι)attestedinthe5thcenturyBC,[44]fromOldPersianArmina()attestedinthelate6thcenturyBC,[45]ofuncertainorigin. ItmaybeacontinuationoftheAssyrianArmânum[46]whichwasconqueredbyNaram-Sinin2200BC[47]andhasbeenidentifiedwithanAkkadiancolonyintheDiarbekrregion.[46]ThenamehasalsobeenclaimedasavariantoftheUrmaniorUrmenuappearinginaninscriptionofMenuasofUrartu,[48]asaproposedtribeoftheHayasa-AzziknownastheArmens(Armenian:Արմեններ,Armenner)[49][50]orasacontinuationoftheBiblicalMinni(Hebrew:מנּי‎)[51]andAssyrianMinnai,[52]correspondingtotheMannai.(AdditionoftheSumerogramḪARwouldmakethisnameequivalentto"themountainousregionoftheMinni".[53][54])DiakonoffderivedthenamefromaproposedUrartianandAramaicamalgam*Armnaia("inhabitantofArme"or"Urme"),[55]aregionheldbyProto-ArmeniansintheSasonmountains.[citationneeded]Ultimately,thenamehasbeenconnectedtotheProto-Indo-Europeanroot*ar-("assemble","create")alsofoundinthewordArarat,Aryan,Arta,&c.[56][57] TheArmenianstraditionallytracedthenametoaneponymousancestorAram(Armenian:Արամ),[58][59]sometimesequatedwithArame,theearliestknownkingofUrartu.[60]StraboderivedtheetymologyfromanArmeniusofArmenium,acityonLakeBoebeïsinThessaly,[61]whileHerodotuscalledthemPhrygiancolonists.[62] Hayastan,thelocalendonym:Etymologyunknown.ThemodernArmenianHayastan(Հայաստան)derivesfromearlierArmenianHayk(Հայք)andPersian-stān(ستان).Hayk'derivesfromOldArmenianHaykʿ(հայք),traditionallyderivedfromalegendarypatriarchnamedHayk(Հայկ).[63]Aramabovewasconsideredtobeoneofhisdescendants. Australia[edit] Mainarticle:NameofAustralia "SouthernLand"inNewLatin,adaptedfromthelegendarypseudo-geographicalTerraAustralisIncognita("UnknownSouthernLand")datingbacktotheRomanera.FirstappearingasacorruptionoftheSpanishnameforanislandinVanuatuin1625,[64]"Australia"wasslowlypopularizedfollowingtheadvocacyoftheBritishexplorerMatthewFlindersinhis1814descriptionofhiscircumnavigationoftheisland.[65]LachlanMacquarie,aGovernorofNewSouthWales,usedthewordinhisdispatchestoEnglandandrecommendeditbeformallyadoptedbytheColonialOfficein1817.[66]TheAdmiraltyagreedsevenyearslaterandthecontinentbecameofficiallyknownasAustraliain1824.[67]InFlinders'bookhepublishedhisrationale: "Thereisnoprobability,thatanyotherdetachedbodyofland,ofnearlyequalextent,willeverbefoundinamoresouthernlatitude;thenameTerraAustraliswill,therefore,remaindescriptiveofthegeographicalimportanceofthiscountry,andofitssituationontheglobe:ithasantiquitytorecommendit;and,havingnoreferencetoeitherofthetwoclaimingnations,appearstobelessobjectionablethananyotherwhichcouldhavebeenselected."[68] (Antarctica,thehypothesizedlandforwhichthenameTerraAustralisoriginallyreferredto,wassightedin1820,andnotexploreduntildecadesafterFlinders'bookhadpopularizedthisshiftofthename.) Oz,acolloquialendonym:Likelyacontractionfromabove.Folketymologytracesthenametothe1939film,TheWizardofOz,buttheOxfordEnglishDictionaryrecordsthefirstoccurrenceas"Oss"in1908.[69]FrankBaum'soriginalbookpredatesthisandmayhaveinspiredthename,[70]butitisalsopossibleBaumhimselfwasinfluencedbyAustraliainhisdevelopmentofOz.[71] NovaHollandia,aformername:"NewHolland"inNewLatin(Dutch:NieuwHolland),aftertheDutchprovince,bestowedbytheDutchexplorerAbelTasmanin1644.ForthefurtheretymologyofHolland,seetheNetherlandsbelow. Austria[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofAustriaandNameofAustria "EasternMarch",Latinizedasearlyas1147fromGermanÖsterreich,[72]fromOldHighGermanOstarrîchi(996)orOsterrîche(998),[73]fromMedievalLatinMarchiaOrientalis,aneasternprefecturefortheDuchyofBavariaestablishedin976. Azerbaijan[edit] Mainarticle:Azerbaijan§ Etymology "LandofAtropates",anAchaemenidthenHellenistic-erakingoveraregioninpresent-dayIranianAzarbaijanandIranianKurdistan,southofthemodernstate.[74][75]Despitethisdifference,thepresentnamewaschosenbytheMusavattoreplacetheRussiannamesTranscaucasiaandBakuin1918."Azerbaijan"derivesfromPersianĀzarbāydjān,fromearlierĀdharbāyagānandĀdharbādhagān,fromMiddlePersianĀturpātākān,fromOldPersianAtropatkan.(ThenameisoftenderivedfromtheGreekAtropatene(Ἀτροπατηνή),[76][77]AtropátiosMēdía(ἈτροπάτιοςΜηδία),[78]orTropatēnē(Τροπατηνή),[79]althoughthesewereexonymsandAtropatkanwasneverthoroughlyHellenized.)AtropatkanwasarenamingoftheAchaemenianXVIIISatrapyofEasternArmenia,comprisingMatieneandthesurroundingUrartiansandSaspirians,[80]uponAturpat'sdeclarationofindependencefromtheDiadochiSeleucusfollowingthedeathofAlexandertheGreat.Aturpat'sownname(OldPersian:;Greek:Aτρoπάτης,Atropátēs)istheOldPersianfor"protectedbyatar",theholyfireofZoroastrianism.[81] Albania,aformername:FromtheLatinAlbānia,fromtheGreekAlbanía([text?]),[82]relatedtotheOldArmenianAłuankʿ(Աղուանք).ThenativeLezgicname(s)forthecountryisunknown,[83]butStraboreporteditspeopletohave26differentlanguagesandtohaveonlybeenrecentlyunifiedinhistime.Itisoftenreferencedas"CaucasianAlbania"inmodernscholarshiptodistinguishitfromtheEuropeancountryabove. Arran,aformername:FromtheMiddlePersianArran,fromParthianArdhan,derivedviarhotacismfromearliernamesasabove.[citationneeded] Transcaucasia,aformername:ALatinizationoftheRussiannameZakavkaz'e(Закавказье),bothmeaning"acrosstheCaucasusMountains"–i.e.,fromRussia.Itappearedinthenamesoftwostates,theTranscaucasianDemocraticFederativeRepublicandtheTranscaucasianSocialistFederativeSovietRepublic. B[edit] Bahamas[edit] Furtherinformation:TheBahamas§ Etymology "Largeuppermiddleisland",fromtheLucayannameBahamausedbytheindigenousTaínopeoplefortheislandofGrandBahama.[84][85]TouristguidesoftenstatethatthenamecomestheSpanishbajamar('shallowsea'),[84]inreferencetothereef-filledBahamaBanks.[86] Bahrain[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBahrain "TheTwoSeas"inArabic(‏البحرين‎,al-Baḥrayn).However,thequestionofwhichtwoseaswereoriginallyintendedremainsindispute.[87]ApopularfolketymologyrelatesBahraintothe"twoseas"mentionedfivetimesintheQuran.Thepassages,however,donotrefertothemodernislandbutrathertotheSaudidesertsoppositemodernBahrain.[87]ItispossibleBahrain(previouslyknownasAwal)simplyacquireditsnamewhenthatregionbecameknownasal-Hasa,buttodaythenameisgenerallytakentorefertotheislanditself.Thetwoseasarethenthebayeastandwestoftheisland,[88]theseasnorthandsouthoftheisland,[citationneeded]orthesaltwatersurroundingtheislandandthefreshwaterbeneathitwhichappearsinwellsandalsobubblingupatplacesinthemiddleofthegulf.[89]Analternatetheoryofferedbyal-AhsawasthatthetwoseasweretheGreatGreenOceanandapeacefullakeonthemainland;[which?]stillanotherprovidedbyal-JawahariisthattheoriginalformalnameBahri(lit."belongingtothesea")wouldhavebeenmisunderstoodandsowasoptedagainst.[89] Bangladesh[edit] Mainarticle:NamesofBengal TheetymologyofBangladesh(CountryofBengal)canbetracedtotheearly20thcentury,whenBengalipatrioticsongs,suchasNamoNamoNamoBangladeshMomobyKaziNazrulIslamandAajiBangladesherHridoybyRabindranathTagore,usedtheterm.[90]ThetermBangladeshwasoftenwrittenastwowords,BanglaDesh,inthepast.Startinginthe1950s,BengalinationalistsusedtheterminpoliticalralliesinEastPakistan. TheexactoriginofthewordBanglaisunknown,thoughitisbelievedtocomefrom"Vanga",anancientkingdomandgeopoliticaldivisionontheGangesdeltaintheIndiansubcontinent.ItwaslocatedinsouthernBengal,withthecoreregionincludingpresent-daysouthernWestBengal(India)andsouthwesternBangladesh.Thesuffix"al"cametobeaddedtoitfromthefactthattheancientrajahsofthislandraisedmoundsofearth10feethighand20inbreadthinlowlandsatthefootofthehillswhichwerecalled"al".FromthissuffixaddedtotheBung,thenameBengalaroseandgainedcurrency".[91][92]SupporttothisviewisfoundinGhulamHusainSalim'sRiyaz-us-Salatin.[93] OthertheoriespointtoaBronzeAgeproto-Dravidiantribe,[94]theAustricword"Bonga"(Sungod),[95]andtheIronAgeVangaKingdom.[95]TheIndo-AryansuffixDeshisderivedfromtheSanskritworddeśha,whichmeans"land"or"country".Hence,thenameBangladeshmeans"LandofBengal"or"CountryofBengal".[96]SanskritlanguageinfluencedthenameofBangladesh.Thetermvanga(वङ्ग)wasusedintheSanskrittexts. ThetermBangladenotesboththeBengalregionandtheBengalilanguage.TheearliestknownusageofthetermistheNesariplatein805 AD.ThetermVangaladesaisfoundin11th-centurySouthIndianrecords.[96][97]ThetermgainedofficialstatusduringtheSultanateofBengalinthe14thcentury.[98][99]ShamsuddinIlyasShahproclaimedhimselfasthefirst"ShahofBangala"in1342.[98]ThewordBanglabecamethemostcommonnamefortheregionduringtheIslamicperiod.ThePortuguesereferredtotheregionasBengalainthe16thcentury.[100] Barbados[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBarbados "Beardedones",fromthePortugueseAsBarbadas,[101]correctedfromearlierBarbata,Barbuda,S.Barduda,Barbadoes,&c.[101]Firstattestedbya1519mapdonebytheGenoesecartographerVisconteMaggiolo.[102]AswithBarbuda,thenamemayderivefromtheappearanceoftheisland'sfigtreesorfromthebeardsoftheindigenouspeople.(IsaacTaylorwasoftheopinionthatBarbudawasnamedforitsmen,Barbadosforitsfigs.[53]) Belarus[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBelarus "WhiteRussia",acompoundoftheBelarusianbel-(бел-,"white")andRus(Русь,Rus')adoptedin1991.Themeaningis"Russian"intheculturalandhistoric(OldEastSlavic:рускъ,ruskʺ;OldBelarusian:руски,ruski;Russian:русский,russkiy)butnotnationalsense(Russian:россиянин,rossiyánin),adistinctionsometimesmadebytranslatingthenameas"WhiteRuthenia",although"Ruthenian"hasothermeaningsaswell.Thenameisfirstattestedinthe13thcenturyasGermanWeissrusslandandLatinRussiaAlba,firstinreferencetoRussia'sWhiteandthenBlackSeacoasts.[103]TheexonymwasnextappliedtoGreatNovgorodandthenMuscovyafteritsconquestofthatregion,finallybeingappliedtoitspresentregioninthelate16thcenturytodescribeethnicallyRussianregionsbeingconqueredfromPoland.[103]Thislastchangewaspoliticallymotivated,withRussiaemployingtheforeigntermtojustifyitsrevanchismatPoland'sexpense.[103]Theoriginalmeaningof"white"inBelarus'snameisunknown.ItmaysimplyhavearisenfromconfusionwithlegendsconcerningCaucasianAlbania[103]orfromauseofcolorstodistinguishcardinaldirectionsasseenin"RedRussia".[104]OthertheoriesincludeitsusetodistinguishBelarusas"free"or"pure",particularlyofMongoliancontrol,ortodistinguishtheregionfrom"BlackRussia",aregionofproductivesoil.[citationneeded]ForthefurtheretymologyofRus,seeRussiabelow. BelorussiaorByelorussia,aformername:"WhiteRussia"inRussian(Белоруссия,Belorussiya),truncatedfromtheWhiteRussianSovietSocialistRepublic(Белору́сскаяСове́тскаяСоциалисти́ческаяРеспу́блика,BelorússkayaSovétskayaSotsalistícheskayaRespúblika)declaredin1919. WhiteRussia,aformername:atranslationoftheabove. Belgium[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofBelgaeandBelgium(terminology) "LandoftheBelgae",fromtheRomanprovinceofGalliaBelgica("BelgicGaul")derivedfromtheLatinizednameofaCeltictribe.ThepresentKingdomofBelgiumadoptedthenameuponitsindependencefromtheNetherlandsin1830basedontheFrench-languagenameofHenriVanderNoot'sbrief-livedUnitedStatesofBelgium(États-UnisdeBelgique)whichhaddeclareditsindependencefromAustriain1790.Thetribe'sexactendonymremainsunknown,butthenameBelgaeisusuallytracedtotheproposedProto-Celticroot*belg-fromtheProto-Indo-European*bhelgh-,bothmeaning"tobulge"or"toswell"(particularlywithanger)andcognatewiththeOldEnglishbelgan,"tobeangry".[105][106][107][108][109]AnalternateetymologytakesitfromaproposedProto-Indo-Europeanrootmeaning"dazzling"or"bright"[110] Belize[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBelize Etymologyunknown.TraditionallyderivedfromaSpanishtranscriptionof"Wallace",aScottishbuccaneerwhoestablishedaneponymoussettlement(onSpanishmaps,ValizeandBalize[53])alongtheBelizeRiver(whichhealsonamedafterhimself)intheearly17thcentury.[111]AlternativelytakenfromtheMayanwordbeliz("muddywater"),[112]presumablyinreferencetotheriver,orfromKongoleseAfricanswhobroughtthenamewiththemfromCabinda.Adoptedin1973whilestillaself-governingcolonyoftheUnitedKingdom. ApreviousfolketymologytookitfromtheFrenchbalise("beacon").[53] BritishHonduras,aformername:SeeHondurasandGreatBritainbelow. Benin[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBenin "[Landbeside]theBightofBenin",thestretchoftheGulfofGuineawestoftheNigerdelta,apurposefullyneutralnamechosentoreplaceDahomey(seebelow)in1975.TheBightitselfisnamedafteracityandakingdominpresent-dayNigeriahavingnorelationtothemodernBenin.TheEnglishnamecomesfromaPortuguesetranscription(Benin)ofalocalcorruption(Bini)oftheItsekiriform(Ubinu)oftheYorubaIle-Ibinu("HomeofVexation"),anamebestowedontheEdocapitalbytheirateIfeobaOranyaninthe12thcentury.[citationneeded] AnalternatetheoryderivesBinifromtheArabicbani(بني‎,"sons"or"tribe").[citationneeded] DahomeyorDahomy,aformername:"BellyofDã"inFon(DãHomè),[53]fromthepalaceoftheahosuAkaba,traditionallybuiltovertheentrailsofalocalruler.[113]InFon,thename"Dã"or"Dan"canalsomean"snake"orthesnake-godDamballa.Upontherestorationofindependence,thenamewasdeemednolongerappropriatesincethehistorickingdomcomprisedonlythesouthernregionsandethnicitiesofthemodernstate. Abomey,aformername:"Ramparts"inFon(Agbomè),fromthepalaceoftheahosuHouegbadja.[citationneeded] Bhutan[edit] 17771786TwoofRennell'sEICmaps,showingthedivisionof"ThibetorBootan"intoseparateregions. Mainarticle:EtymologyofBhutan Etymologyunknown.NamessimilartoBhutan—includingBottanthis,Bottan,Bottanter—begantoappearinEuropearoundthe1580s.Jean-BaptisteTavernier's1676SixVoyagesisthefirsttorecordthenameBoutan.However,ineverycase,theseseemtohavebeendescribingnotmodernBhutanbuttheKingdomofTibet.[114]ThemoderndistinctionbetweenthetwodidnotbeginuntilwellintoGeorgeBogle's1774expedition—realizingthedifferencesbetweenthetworegions,cultures,andstates,hisfinalreporttotheEastIndiaCompanyformallyproposedlabelingtheDrukDesi'skingdomas"Boutan"andthePanchenLama'sas"Tibet".Subsequently,theEIC'ssurveyorgeneralJamesRennellfirstanglicizedtheFrenchnameasBootanandthenpopularizedthedistinctionbetweenitandgreaterTibet.[114]ThenameistraditionallytakentobeatranscriptionoftheSanskritBhoṭa-anta(भोट-अन्त,"endofTibet"),inreferencetoBhutan'spositionasthesouthernextremityoftheTibetanplateauandculture.[53][115]"Bhutan"mayhavebeentruncatedfromthisorbeentakenfromtheNepalinameBhutān(भूटान).ItmayalsocomefromatruncationofBodoHathan("Tibetanplace").[citationneeded]AlloftheseultimatelyderivefromtheTibetanendonymBod.AnalternatetheoryderivesitfromtheSanskritBhu-Utthan(भू-उत्थान,"highlands").[115] DrukYul,thelocalendonym:"LandoftheThunderDragon"inBhutanese(འབྲུག་ཡུལ་).Variationsofthiswereknownandusedasearlyas1730.ThefirsttimeaKingdomofBhutanseparatefromTibetdidappearonawesternmap,itdidsounderitslocalnameas"Broukpa".[114] Bolivia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofBoliviaandEtymologyofBolivar "LandofBolivar"inNewLatin,inhonorofSimónBolívar,oneoftheleadinggeneralsintheSpanishAmericanwarsofindependence.BolívarhadgivenhislieutenantAntonioJosédeSucretheoptiontokeepUpperPeruunderPeru,touniteitwiththeUnitedProvincesoftheRíodelaPlata,ortodeclareitsindependence.Anationalassemblyoptedforindependence,thensoughttoplacateBolívar'sdoubtsbynamingBolívarasthefirstpresidentofacountrynamedinhishonor.[116][117]Theoriginalname"RepublicofBolivar"wasswiftlychangedtoBoliviaattheurgingofthecongressmanManuelMartínCruz.[118] Bolívar'sownnamederivesfromthevillageofBolibarinSpanishBiscay.ItsnamecomesfromtheBasquebolu("windmill")andibar("valley").[119] BosniaandHerzegovina[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBosniaandHerzegovina Bosnia:"LandoftheriverBosna"inLatin,firstattestedintheByzantineemperorConstantineVII's958DeAdministrandoImperio.(The12th-centuryChronicleofthePriestofDukljaalsomentionsan8th-centurysourceforthenamewhich,however,hasnotsurvived.)"Bosna"wasthemedievalnameoftheclassicalLatinBossina.[120]AntonMayerproposedaconnectionwiththeproposedProto-Indo-Europeanroots*bosor*bogh("runningwater").[121]CertainRomansources[which?]similarlymentionBathinusflumenasanameoftheIllyrianBosona,bothofwhichwouldmean"runningwater"aswell.[121]OthertheoriesinvolvetherareLatinBosina("boundary")orpossibleSlavicorigins.[121] Herzegovina:"Duchy"or"Dukedom",anamalgamofGermanHerzog("duke")andtheBosnian-ovina("-land").ThedukewasStjepanVukčić,GrandVoivodeofBosnia,whoproclaimedhimself"DukeofHumandtheCoast"[122]andtheneitherproclaimedhimself[122]orwasbestowedthetitle[citationneeded]"DukeofSaintSavaofSerbia"bytheHolyRomanEmperorFrederickIIIaround1448.TheOttomansanjakformedintheareaafterits1482conquestwassimplycalledHersek,butthelongerBosnianformwasadoptedbyAustriaandEnglish. Botswana[edit] "CountryoftheTswana"inSetswana,afterthecountry'sdominantethnicgroup.Theetymologyof"Tswana"isuncertain.LivingstonederiveditfromtheSetswanatshwana("alike","equal"),[123]othersfromawordfor"free".[124]However,otherearlysourcessuggestthatwhiletheTswanaadoptedthename,itwasanexonymtheylearnedfromtheGermansandBritish.[125] Bechuanaland,aformername:from"Bechuana",analternatespellingof"Botswana". Brazil[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofBrazilandNameofBrazil Seealso:listofBrazilstatenameetymologies "Brazilwood",fromthePortugueseTerradoBrasil,fromthetreepau-brasil("brazilwood",lit."red-wood"),[126]anamederivedfromitssimilaritytored-hotembers(Portuguese:brasa).[127][128][129]ThenamemayhavebeenatranslationoftheTupiibirapitanga,alsomeaning"red-wood".[citationneeded]Theending-ilderivesfromthediminutiveLatinsuffix-ilus.[127][128] Theappearanceofislandsnamed"Bracile","Hy-Brazil",or"IlhadaBrasil"onmapsasearlyasthec.1330portolanchartofAngelinoDulcert[126]sometimesleadsetymologiststoquestionthestandardetymology.WhilemostoftheseislandsofBrazilarefoundoffthecoastofIrelandandmaybetakentostemfromaCelticrenderingofthelegendaryIsleoftheBlessed,[126]the1351MediciAtlasplacesoneBrazilnearIrelandandasecondoneofftheAzoresnearTerceiraIsland.Thatusemayderivefromitsfourvolcanoesorreferenceitsdragon'sblood,aredresindye.Regardless,theinitialnamesofpresent-dayBrazilwereIlhadeVeraCruz("IslandoftheTrueCross")andthen –afteritwasdiscoveredtobeanewmainland –TerradeSantaCruz("LandoftheHolyCross");thisonlychangedafteraLisbon-basedmerchantconsortiumledbyFernãodeLoronhaleasedthenewcolonyformassiveexploitationofthecostlydyewoodwhichhadpreviouslybeenavailableonlyfromIndia. Pindorama,aformername:"LandofthePalmTrees"inGuarani,thelanguageoftheIndiansofParaguayandsouthwestBrazil.[citationneeded] Britain[edit] SeetheUnitedKingdombelow. Brunei[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBrunei FullnameofBruneiisBruneiDarussalam,DarussalamisinArabicwhichmeantheAbodeofPeace. Etymologyunknown.ModernfolketymologyderivesthenameBruneifromaMalayexclamationBarunah!("There!"),supposedlyexclaimedbyAwangAlakBetatar,thelegendary14th-centurysultan,uponlandingonBorneooruponmovingfromGarangtotheBruneiriverdelta.[130][131]AnearlierfolketymologytracedittohisallegedmembershipinanArabiantribecalledtheBuranun.[citationneeded]Chinesesourcesrecordingamissionfromthekingof"Boni"(渤泥,Bóní)asearlyas978[132]andalater"P'o-li"(婆利,Pólì)seemtocontradictthesebutmayrefertoBorneoasawhole.[133]Itismentionedinthe15th-centuryhistoryofJavaasacountryconqueredbyAdayaMingrat,generalofAngkaWijaya,[134]andaround1550bytheItalianLudovicodiVarthemaunderthename"islandofBornei".OtherderivationsincludeanIndianwordfor"seafarers"(fromSanskrit:वरुण,varunai),[135]anotherfor"land"(fromSanskrit:bhumi),[136]ortheKelabitfortheLimbangRiver.[137]Itisalsosaidthattheword'Brunei'issaidtohavecomefromtheSanskritwordBhūrṇi(भूर्णि)whichmeans"land"or"earth"andBruneicouldhavebeencalledKarpūradvīpa(कर्पूरद्वीप)whichmeans"camphorisland"ascamphorwasoneexportBruneiwaswellknownforinancienttimes.[138] Bulgaria[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofBulgar FromtheBulgars,theextincttribeofTurkicorigin,whichcreatedthecountry.TheirnameispossiblyderivedfromtheProto-Turkicwordbulģha("tomix","shake","stir")anditsderivativebulgak("revolt","disorder")[139]AlternateetymologiesincludederivationfromaMongoliccognatebulğarak("toseparate","splitoff")[citationneeded]orfromacompoundofproto-Turkicbel("five")andgur("arrow"inthesenseof"tribe"),aproposeddivisionwithintheUtigursorOnogurs("tentribes").[140] WithinBulgaria,somehistoriansquestiontheidentificationoftheBulgarsasaTurkictribe,citingcertainlinguisticevidence(suchasAsparukh'sname)infavorofaNorthIranianorPamiriorigin.[141][142] BurkinaFaso[edit] "LandofHonestMen",fromanamalgamofMoreburkina("honest","upright",or"incorruptiblemen")andDioulafaso("homeland";literally"father'shouse"),selectedbyPresidentThomasSankarafollowinghis1983couptoreplaceUpperVolta. UpperVolta,aformername:"LandoftheUpperVoltaRiver",whosemaintributariesoriginateinthecountry.TheVoltaitself(Portuguese:"twist","turn")wasnamedbyPortuguesegoldtradersexploringtheregion.[citationneeded] Burma[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofBurmaandNamesofBurma NamedfortheBurmans,thenation'slargestethnicgroup,acorrectionof18th-century"Bermah"and"Birma",fromPortugueseBirmania,probablyfromBarmainvariousIndianlanguages,ultimatelyfromBurmeseBama(),acolloquialoralversionoftheliteraryMyanma(),[143]theeventualpronunciationoftheOldBurmeseMranma,[144]firstattestedinan1102MoninscriptionasMirma,[145]ofuncertainetymology.Itwasnotuntilthemid-19thcenturythatKingMindonreferredtohispositionas"kingoftheMyanmapeople",[146]asitwasonlyduringtheKonbaungDynastythatBurmansfullydisplacedtheMonwithintheIrrawaddyvalley. TheIndiannameisalternativelyderivedfromBrahmadesh(Sanskrit:ब्रह्मादेश),"landofBrahma".[citationneeded]AfolketymologyofMyanmaderivesitfrommyan("fast")andmar("tough","strong").[citationneeded] Myanmar,thepresentendonym:Asabove.TheterminalrincludedintheofficialEnglishtranslationarosefromthenation'sstatusasaformerBritishcolonyandreflectsnon-rhoticaccentssuchasOxfordEnglish. Burundi[edit] "LandoftheIkirundispeakers"inIkirundi,adopteduponindependencefromBelgian-occupiedRwanda-Urundiin1962.[147] C[edit] Cambodia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofCambodiaandNameofCambodia "LandoftheKambojas",LatinizedfromFrenchCambodge,fromSanskritKambojadeśa(कम्बोजदेश).TheseKambojasareapparentlythesameKambojasmentionedaboveinAfghanistan,whoseetymology –orevenrelationshipwithCambodia –isuncertainandhighlydisputed.Yaskainthe7thcenturyBCandNirukta[148]derivedthenameKambojafrom"enjoyersofbeautifulthings"(Sanskrit:kamaniyabhojah).[149]TheAD947BakseiChamkronginscriptionandCambodiantraditionderiveKambujafromthedescendants(-ja)ofSvayambhuvaKambu,alegendaryIndiansagewhojourneyedtoIndochinaandmarriedanagaprincesstherenamedMera.[150][151]OtherssupposeittobeanexonymderivedfromOldPersianKambaujiya("weak")orthecognateAvestanKambishta("theleast")[152]anamalgamofSanskritandAvestanrootsmeaning"unshaken".[153][154]OthersderiveitfromCambayorKhambhatinGujarat.[155] Kampuchea,anendonymandformername:Asabove,fromtheKhmerKampuchea(កម្ពុជា),fromSanskritKambojadeśa(कम्बोजदेश,"landofKambuja"). SrokKhmer,alocalendonym:"LandoftheKhmers"inKhmer(ស្រុកខ្មែរ) Cameroon[edit] "Shrimp",fromthesingularFrenchCamerounderivedfromtheGermanKamerun,fromtheanglicized"Cameroons"derivedfromthePortugueseRiodeCamarões[156]("ShrimpRiver")bestowedin1472onaccountofamassiveswarmoftheWouriRiver'sghostshrimp.[156] Kamerun,aformername:TheGermannamefortheircolonytherebetween1884andtheendofWorldWarI,asabove.FormerlyalsoknownsimplyasGermanCameroon. Cameroun,aformername:TheFrenchnamefortheircolonytherebetweenWorldWarIand1960,asabove.FormerlyalsoknownsimplyasFrenchCameroons. Canada[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofCanadaandNameofCanada Seealso:Canadianprovincialandterritorialnameetymologies "Village",fromIroquoianKanada,[157]adoptedfortheentireCanadianConfederationin1867,fromnameoftheBritishProvinceofCanadaformedbythe1841reunificationofUpperandLowerCanada,previouslyestablishedbyadivisionofQuebec,theBritishrenamingoftheFrenchterritoryofCanada.FrenchCanadahadreceiveditsnamewhenitsadministratorsadoptedthenameusedbytheexplorerJacquesCartiertorefertoSt.LawrenceRiverandtheterritoryalongitbelongingtotheIroquoianchiefDonnacona.In1535,hehadmisunderstoodtheLaurentianKanadaasthenameofDonnacona'scapitalStadacona.[158] AformerfolketymologyderivedthenamefromSpanishorPortugueseacáorcánada("nothinghere")inreferencetotheregion'slackofgoldorsilver.[159][160] Quebec,aformername:"Wheretherivernarrows",fromAlgonquinkébecviaFrench,inreferencetotheSt.LawrenceRivernearmodernQuebecCity.SamueldeChamplainchosethenamein1608forthenewtownthere,[161]whichgaveitsnametoasectionofFrenchCanadaandthentheBritishprovinceofQuebec,whicheventuallybecamemodernCanadaandevenbrieflyincludedtheentireOhioRivervalleybetweentheenactmentoftheQuebecActin1774andthesurrenderoftheregiontotheUnitedStatesin1783.(ModernQuebecwasformedfromCanadaEastduringtheCanadianConfederationin1867.) CaboVerde[edit] "GreenCape",fromthePortugueseCaboVerde,fromitspositionacrossfromthemainlandcapeofthatnamesinceitsdiscoveryin1444.ThecapeislocatedbesideGoréeIslandinthemodernnationofSenegalandisnowknownbyitsFrenchform"Cap-Vert".[citationneeded] CentralAfricanRepublic[edit] Self-descriptive,fromitsFrenchnameRépubliquecentrafricaine.Forfurtheretymologyof"Africa",seeListofcontinent-nameetymologies. Ubangi-Shari,aformername:FromtheFrenchOubangui-Chari,fromtheUbangiandtheChariRivers,whichranthroughtheterritory. Chad[edit] "Lake",fromLakeChadinthecountry'ssouthwest,whosenamederivesfromtheKanuritsade("lake").[citationneeded] Chile[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofChile Etymologyunknown.Thenamedatestothe"menofChilli",[162]thesurvivorsofthefirstSpanishexpeditionintotheregionin1535underDiegodeAlmagro.AlmagroappliedthenametotheMapochovalley,[163]butitsfurtheretymologyisdebated.The17th-centurySpanishchroniclerDiegodeRosalesderiveditfromtheQuechuaChili,atoponymfortheAconcaguavalley,whichheconsideredacorruptionofTili,thenameofaPicunchechiefwhoruledtheareaatthetimeofitsconquestbytheInca.[164][165]ModerntheoriesderiveitfromthesimilarlynamedIncansettlementandvalleyofChiliinPeru'sCasmaValley,[163]theQuechuachiri("cold"),[166]theAymaratchili("snow"[166][167]or"depths"[168]),theMapuchechilli("wherethelandends"or"runsout"),[162]ortheMapuchecheele-cheele("yellow-wingedblackbird").[162][169] Afolketymologyconfusesthenametochilipeppers,sometimesviatheMexicanSpanishchile("chili"),butthetwoarealmostcertainlyunrelated.[170] China[edit] Mainarticle:NamesofChina "China"istheconventionalnameforthePeople'sRepublicofChina,eventhoughthetermwasalsousedtorefertotheRepublicofChinainternationallyinsomecontextsaslateasthe1970s. DerivedfromMiddlePersianChīnīچینی,derivedfromSanskritCīnāh(चीन).[171]Oftensaidthattheword"China"anditsrelatedtermsarederivedfromtheQinstatewhichexistedonthefurthestwestofChinapropersincethe9thcenturyBC,andwhichlaterunifiedChinatoformtheQindynasty(秦,OldChinese:*dzin).[172][173][174]Thisisstillthemostcommonlyheldtheory,althoughmanyothersuggestionshavebeenmooted.[175][176]TheexistenceofthewordCīnainancientHindutextswasnotedbytheSanskritscholarHermannJacobiwhopointedoutitsuseintheworkArthashastrawithreferencetosilkandwovenclothproducedbythecountryofCīna.ThewordisalsofoundinothertextsincludingtheMahābhārataandtheLawsofManu.[177]TheIndologistPatrickOlivellehoweverarguedthatthewordCīnāmaynothavebeenknowninIndiabeforethefirstcenturyBC,neverthelessheagreedthatitprobablyreferredtoQinbutthoughtthattheworditselfwasderivedfromaCentralAsianlanguage.[178]SomeChineseandIndianscholarsarguedforthestateofJing(荆)asthelikelyoriginofthename.[176]Anothersuggestion,madebyGeoffWade,isthattheCīnāhinSanskrittextsreferstoanancientkingdomcenteredinpresent-dayGuizhou,calledYelang,inthesouthTibeto-Burmanhighlands.[177]TheinhabitantsreferredtothemselvesasZinaaccordingtoWade.[179]ThewordinEuropeisfirstrecordedin1516inthejournalofPortugueseexplorerDuarteBarbosa.[180]ThewordisfirstrecordedinEnglishinatranslationpublishedin1555.[181] Cathay,aformer&literaryname:"Khitai",fromMarcoPolo'sItalianCatai,usedfornorthernbutnotsouthernChina,ultimatelyfromtheKhitanendonymKitaiGur("KingdomoftheKhitai"),[182]possiblyviaPersianKhitan(ختن)orChineseQìdān(契丹). SeresandSerica,formernames:"LandofSilk"inGreek(Σηρες,Sēres)andLatin,respectively.ThefurtheretymologyistypicallyderivedfromtheChineseforsilk(simplifiedChinese:丝;traditionalChinese:絲;pinyin:sī),butthemoderncorrespondencebeliestheOldChinesepronunciation*sə.[183] ZhongguoorChung-kuo(simplifiedChinese:中国;traditionalChinese:中國;pinyin:Zhōngguó),themostcommonendonym:originallymeaning"CentralDemesne",then"MiddleKingdom",nowequivalentto"CentralNation". (Formanyotherendonyms,seeNamesofChina.) Colombia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofColombia "LandofColumbus"inSpanish,adoptedin1863[184]inhonoroftheearlierGranColombiaformedbySimónBolívarin1819afteraproposalofFranciscodeMirandaforasinglepan–HispanicAmericanstate. Cundinamarca,aformername:"Condor'sNest"inQuechua[185]phono-semanticallymatchedwiththeSpanishmarca("march"),adopteduponindependencefromSpainin1810ontheerroneous[185]assumptionithadbeentheindigenousChibchanameforthenativekingdomaroundBogotáandtheMagdalenaValley. NewGranada,aformername:Self-descriptive,fromtheearlierSpanishViceroyaltyofNewGranada,namedaftertheregionofProvinceofGranadainSpain.Adoptedin1835followingthesecessionofVenezuelaandEcuadorfromGranColombia.Forfurtheretymologyof"Granada",seeGrenadabelow. GranadineConfederation,aformername:FromtheadjectivalformofGranada(Spanish:Granadina). Comoros[edit] "Moons",fromtheArabicJazā'iral-Qamar(جزرالقمر‎,"IslandsoftheMoon"). RepublicoftheCongo[edit] "[Landbeside]theCongoRiver",adoptedbythecountryuponindependencein1960fromthepreviousFrenchautonomouscolonyRepublicoftheCongo(French:RépubliqueduCongo)establishedin1958,ultimatelyfromthenameoftheoriginalFrenchcolonyFrenchCongo(Congofrançais)establishedin1882.TheriveritselfderiveditsnamefromKongo,aBantukingdomwhichoccupieditsmoutharoundthetimeofitsdiscoverybythePortuguesein1483[186]or1484[187]andwhosenamederivedfromitspeople,theBakongo,anendonymsaidtomean"hunters"(Kongo:mukongo,nkongo).[188] FrenchCongo,aformername:Asabove,withtheinclusionofitsoccupiertodistinguishitfromtheBelgian-controlledCongotoitssouth.Forfurtheretymologyof"France",seebelow. MiddleCongo,aformername:Fromitspositionalongtheriver,atranslationoftheFrenchMoyen-Congo,adoptedasthecolony'snamebetween1906and1958. Congo(Brazzaville):Asabove,withtheinclusionofthecountry'scapitaltodistinguishitfromCongo(Léopoldville)or(Kinshasa)toitssouth.Brazzavilleitselfderivesfromthecolony'sfounder,PierreSavorgnandeBrazzà,anItaliannoblemanwhosetitlereferredtothetownofBrazzacco,inthecomuneofMoruzzo,whosenamederivedfromtheLatinBrattiusorBraccius,bothmeaning"arm".[189] DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo[edit] Asabove,adopteduponindependencein1960asRepublicoftheCongo(French:RépubliqueduCongo). CongoFreeState,aformername:Asabove,atranslationoftheFrenchÉtatindépendantduCongo("FreeStateoftheCongo"),formedbyLeopoldIIofBelgiumin1885toadministertheholdingsoftheInternationalCongoSocietyacknowledgedasseparatefromthecountryofBelgiumatthe1884BerlinConference. BelgianCongo,aformername:Asabove,followingtheFreeState'sunionwithBelgiumin1908,whosenamewasoftenincludedtodistinguishthecolonyfromtheFrench-controlledCongotoitsnorth.Forfurtheretymologyof"Belgium",seeabove. Congo(Léopoldville)andCongo-Léopoldville,formernames:Asabove,withtheinclusionofthecountry'scapitaltodistinguishitfromCongo(Brazzaville)toitsnorth.ThisusagewasespeciallycommonwhenbothcountriessharedidenticalofficialnamespriortoCongo-Léopoldville'sadoptionofthename"DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo"(RépubliquedémocratiqueduCongo)in1964.[190]LéopoldvilleitselfwasnamedforLeopoldIIofBelgiumuponitsfoundingin1881.Leopold'sownnamederivesfromLatinleo("lion")orOldHighGermanliut("people")andOHGbald("brave"). Congo(Kinshasa)andCongo-Kinshasa,alternatenames:Asabove,followingtherenamingofLéopoldvilleafterthenearbynativesettlementofKinshasaorKinchassa[191]toitseast[192]aspartoftheMobutistAuthenticitymovement. ZaireorZaïre,aformername:"[Landbeside]theCongoRiver",aFrenchformofaPortuguesecorruptionoftheKongoNzere("river"),atruncationofNzadioNzere("riverswallowingrivers"),[193]adoptedfortheriverandthecountrybetween1971and1997aspartoftheAuthenticitymovement. CostaRica[edit] "RichCoast"inSpanish,althoughtheoriginoftheepithetisdisputed.SomeclaimitwasbestowedbyChristopherColumbusin1502asCostadelOro("GoldCoast"),[53]othersbytheexplorerGilGonzálezDávila.[citationneeded] Côted'Ivoire[edit] Seealso:Côted'Ivoire§ Name "IvoryCoast"inFrench,fromitspreviousinvolvementintheivorytrade.SimilarnamesforCôted'Ivoireandothernearbycountriesincludethe"GrainCoast",the"GoldCoast",andthe"SlaveCoast". IvoryCoast,analternatename:Self-descriptive,theEnglishtranslationoftheabove. Croatia[edit] Mainarticle:NameofCroatia Etymologyuncertain.FromMedievalLatinCroātia,fromCruati("Croatians")attestedintheŠopotInscription,fromNorth-WestSlavicXrovat-,byliquidmetathesisfromproposedCommonSlavic*Xorvat-,fromproposedProto-Slavic*Xarwāt-(*Xъrvatъ)[194]or*Xŭrvatŭ(*xъrvatъ). Themostcommontheory[194]derivesitfromHarahvat-,theOldPersiannamefortheArachosiaorHelmandRiver,orfromHarahuvatiš,thelandsurroundingit.ThisiscognatewiththeVedicSarasvatīandAvestanHaraxvaitī.[195]Thisderivationseemstobesupportedbya3rd-centuryScythianformXoroathos(ΧΟΡΟΑΘΟΣ)appearingintheTanaisTablets.[citationneeded] AlternatetheoriesincludeZbigniewGołąb'sproposalthatitisaborrowingfromProto-Germanic*C(h)rovati,presumedtomean"warriorscladwithhorn-armor"[196]orchrawat,"mountaineers".[53] Cuba[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofCuba Etymologyunknown.FirstbestowedbyChristopherColumbusasCabodeCuba(themodernPuntadeMulas)afterasupposedlocalsettlementnamed"Cuba",[53]probablyfromtheTaínocubao("abundantfertileland")[197]orcoabana("greatplace").[198] ScholarswhobelievethatChristopherColumbuswasPortugueseratherthanGenoveseargue"Cuba"isderivedfromthetownofCubanearBejainPortugal.[199][200] Cyprus[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofCyprus Etymologyunknown.LatinizedfromtheGreekKúpros(Κύπρος),firstattestedasMycenaeanGreek(Kupirijo,"Cypriot").PossibleetymologiesincludetheGreekkypárissos(κυπάρισσος,"cypress")[201]orkýpros(κύπρος,"henna").[citationneeded] Themostcommonfolketymologyderivesitsnamefrom"copper",sincetheisland'sextensivesupplygaveGreekandLatinwordsforthemetal.[202]AlthoughthesewordsderivedfromCyprusratherthantheotherwayaround,thenamehasmorerecentlybeenderivedfromanEteocypriotwordfor"copper"andevenfromtheSumerianzubar("copper")orkubar("bronze").[citationneeded] Czechoslovakia[edit] Mainarticles:Czechoslovakia§ Officialnames,andHyphenWar "LandoftheCzechsandSlovaks".Forfurtheretymologyof"Czech",seeCzechRepublicbelow;forfurtheretymologyof"Slovak",seeSlovakiabelow. CzechRepublic[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyoftheCzechRepublicandNameoftheCzechRepublic Self-descriptive,adoptedupontheVelvetDivorcein1993.Thename"Czech"derivesfromthearchaicCzechendonymCzechorCžech,[203]amemberoftheWestSlavictribewhosePřemysliddynastysubdueditsneighborsinBohemiaaroundAD900.Itsfurtheretymologyisdisputed.ThetraditionaletymologyderivesitfromaneponymousleaderČechwholedthetribeintoBohemia.Moderntheoriesconsideritanobscurederivative,e.g.fromčeta,amedievalmilitaryunit.[204] Czechia,alesscommonalternatename:ALatinizedversionoftheCzechendonymCzechy. Bohemia,aformername:[205]"LandoftheBoii",aCeltictribeoftheregion.TheultimateetymologyofBoiiisuncertain,buthasbeenconnectedtoProto-Indo-Europeanrootsmeaning"cow"and"warrior".NowrefersonlytotheareaofBohemiaproper. CzechyorČechy,aformerendonym:"LandoftheCzechs"inarchaicCzech.NowtypicallyconsideredtoreferonlytotheareaofBohemiaproper,excludingMoraviaandotherareas. Česko,acurrentendonym:"LandoftheCzechs"inmodernCzech.Althoughitappearedasearlyasthe18thcentury,ČeskoremaineduncommonenoughthatmostCzechsonlyassociateditwithitsappearanceintheCzechnameforCzechoslovakia(Česko-SlovenskoorČeskoslovensko)somanyresistedtheuseofitfollowingthedivisionofthecountry.GiventheinabilitytousetheformernameČechyeither,governmentcampaignshavetriedtomakeČeskomorecommon.[206] D[edit] Denmark[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofDenmark Etymologyuncertain,butprobably"TheDanishforest"or"march"inreferencetotheforestsofsouthernSchleswig.[207]FirstattestedinOldEnglishasDenamearcinAlfred'stranslationofPaulusOrosius'sSevenBooksofHistoryagainstthePagans.[208]Theetymologyof"Danes"isuncertain,buthasbeenderivedfromtheproposedProto-Indo-Europeanroot*dhen("low,flat");-markfromtheproposedProto-Indo-Europeanroot*mereg-("edge,boundary")viaOldNorsemerki("boundary")ormoreprobablymǫrk("borderland,forest"). TheformerfolketymologyderivedthenamefromaneponymouskingDanoftheregion. Djibouti[edit] Etymologyunknown,namedforitseponymouscapitalDjibouti,foundedin1888bytheCatalanEloiPinoandthecapitalofthepreviousFrenchcoloniesFrenchSomalilandandAfars&Issas."LandofTehuti",aftertheancientEgyptianmoongod.[citationneeded] FrenchSomaliland,aformername:Fromitspositionneartoday'sSomaliland,distinguishingitfromBritishSomalilandandItalianSomaliland.ForthefurtheretymologyofFranceandSomalia,seebelowhereandhere. AfarsandIssas,aformername:Fromthecountry'stwomainethnicgroups,theAfarsandIssas. Dominica[edit] Mainarticle:Dominica§ Etymologyandlanguages "SundayIsland"inLatin,feminizedfromdiēsDominicus("Sunday",lit."LordlyDay"),possiblyviaSpanishDomingo,forthedayoftheisland'ssightingbyChristopherColumbuson3November1493.AtthetimeofDominica'sdiscovery,therewasnospecialsaint'sdayonthatdateandColumbus'sownfatherhadbeennamedDomenego. Wai'tuKubuli,aformerendonym:"Tallisherbody"inthelocalCaribdialect.[209] DominicanRepublic[edit] "RepublicofSantoDomingo",thecapitalcityoftheSpanish-heldregionofHispaniolasinceitsincorporationbyBartholomewColumbuson5August1498asLaNuevaIsabela,SantoDomingodelPuertodelaIsladelaEspañola("NewIsabela,SaintDominicofthePortofHispaniola")eitherinhonorofSunday(seeDominicaabove),[53]hisfatherDomenego,orSaintDominic'sfeastday[210]on4August.[211]NicolásdeOvandoshortenedthenametoSantoDomingodeGuzmánuponthecity'srefoundingatanewsiteafteramajorhurricanein1502.[212]DominichimselfwasnamedforSaintDominicofSilos,themonkatwhoseshrinehismotherwassaidtohaveprayed.[citationneeded]Dominic(fromtheLatinDominicus,"lordly"or"belongingtotheLord")wasacommonnameforchildrenbornonSunday(see"Dominica"above)andforreligiousnames.[citationneeded] Hispaniola,aformername:"Spanish[island]",LatinizedbyPeterMartyrd'Anghiera[213]fromBartolomédelasCasas'struncatedSpanishEspañola,fromtheoriginalLaIslaEspañola("SpanishIsland")bestowedbyChristopherColumbusin1492.[213]ReplacedbytheRoyalAudienciaofSantoDomingotheoreticallyin1511andactuallyin1526. SpanishHaiti,aformername:Self-descriptive,translatedfromtheSpanishnameRepúblicadelHaitíEspañolchosenuponindependencein1821.The"Spanish"distinguisheditfromtheadjacentFrench-speakingHaiti.Forfurtheretymologyof"Haiti",seebelow. OzamaandCibao,aformername:FromtheFrenchDépartementsdel'OzamaetduCibao,fromtheTaínocibao("aboundinginrocks",referringtotheisland'sCentralRange)andtheOzamaRiver,fromTaínoozama("wetlands","navigablewaters").[citationneeded] E[edit] EastTimor[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofEastTimor "EasternEast[Island]",fromthePortugueseTimor-Leste("EastTimor"),inreferencetothestate'spositionontheeasternhalfoftheislandofTimor,whosenamederivesfromtheIndonesiantimur("east"),fromitspositionintheLesserSundas. PortugueseTimor,aformername:Asabove,withtheadditionofitscolonizertodistinguishitfromDutchandlaterIndonesianTimoronthewesternhalfoftheisland.ForfurtheretymologyofPortugal,seebelow. Timor-Leste,analternatename:"EastTimor"inPortuguese.Intheofficialname,RepublicaDemocraticadeTimor-Leste(DemocraticRepublicofEastTimor). Ecuador[edit] "Equator"inSpanish,truncatedfromtheSpanishRepúblicadelEcuador(lit."RepublicoftheEquator"),fromtheformerEcuadorDepartmentofGranColombiaestablishedin1824asadivisionoftheformerterritoryoftheRoyalAudienceofQuito.Quito,whichremainedthecapitalofthedepartmentandrepublic,islocatedonlyabout40kilometres(25 mi),¼ofadegree,southoftheequator. Quito,aformername:"Quitus",afteritscapitalQuito,truncatedfromtheoriginalSpanish"SantiagodeQuito"and"SanFranciscodeQuito",afteranAndeanIndiantriberecentlyannexedtotheIncanEmpireatthetimeofitsconquestbytheSpanish. Egypt[edit] TheEgyptiannameKm.tappearingontheLuxorObeliskinthePlacedelaConcorde,Paris. Mainarticle:EtymologyofEgypt "HomeofthekaofPtah",fromLatin[text?],fromGreekAígyptos(Αἴγυπτος),relatedtoMyceneanAkupitiyoor*Aiguptiyós[citationneeded]().PossiblyderivedfromEgyptianGebtu(Coptos,modernQift),[53]althoughnowmoreoftenderivedfromEgyptianḥwtk3ptḥ(,proposedreconstructions*ĦāwitkuʔPitáħ[citationneeded]or*Hakupitah[citationneeded]),analternatenameforMemphis,thecapitaloftheEgyptianempire,bymetonymyfromthecultandtempleofPtahthere.Ptah'snameitselfmeant"opener",bothinrelationtohiscreationoftheworldandhisroleintheopeningofthemouthceremony.[214] StraborecordedtheGreekfolketymologythatitderivedfromtheGreekAigaíouhyptíōs(Αἰγαίουὑπτίως,"[land]belowtheAegean"). MiṣrorMaṣr,thelocalendonym:"City"inArabic(مصر‎),[citationneeded]ultimatelyfromAkkadian.[citationneeded] *Kemet,aformerendonym:"BlackLand",reconstructedfromEgyptiankmt,distinguishingtheNilefloodplainfromthe"RedLand"ofthedesert,laterbecomingCopticKīmi(Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ).ApreviousfolketymologyrelatedthenametotheBiblicalHam. ElSalvador[edit] "TheSavior"inSpanish,atruncationoftheoriginalProvinciadeNuestroSeñorJesusCristo,elSalvadordelMundo("ProvinceofourLordJesusChrist,theSavioroftheWorld"),aterritorywithintheSpanishKingdomofGuatemalanamedforitscapitalLaCiudaddeGranSanSalvador("CityoftheGreatHolySavior"),foundedaround1April1525,byGonzalodeAlvarado,whosebrotherPedrohadpreviouslyinstructedhimtonameasettlementintheterritoryofCuzcatlanaftertheFeastoftheHolySavior.[215][216] Cuzcatlan,aformerendonym:"PlaceofDiamonds",fromtheNahuatlKozkatlan.[citationneeded] KingdomofEngland[edit] SeeListofetymologiesofcountrysubdivisionnames:England EquatorialGuinea[edit] Self-descriptive.Althoughthecountry'sterritorydoesnottouchtheequator,itstraddlestheline:theislandAnnobónliestothesouthwhilethemainlandistothenorth.Forfurtheretymologyof"Guinea",seebelow. SpanishGuinea,aformername:SeeSpainandGuineabelow. Eritrea[edit] "LandoftheRedSea",adoptedin1993uponindependencefromEthiopia,fromtheItaliancolonyestablishedin1890,namedbyFrancescoCrispionthesuggestionofCarloDossi,ItalicizedfromtheLatintranscriptionMareErythræumoftheGreekErythráThálassa(ἘρυθράΘάλασσα,"RedSea"). Estonia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofEstonia ThefirstissueofthePernoPostimeesin1857popularizedtheEstonianloanedendonymEesti.ThefirstsentencereadsTerre,armasEestirahwas!("Hello,dearpeopleofEstonia!") "LandoftheAesti",acorrectionofearlierEsthonia,are-LatinizationoftheOldEnglishEstland,adevelopmentoftheOldHighGermanAestland,acombinationoftheLatinAestiaandtheGerman-land("-land").ThenameAestiawasacombinationoftheLatinAestiandthelocativesuffix-ia,meaning"LandoftheAesti",whoweremostlikelylaterOldPrussiansorotherProto-BalticpeopleinandeastoflaterPrussia.ThenamedriftedtodenotepeoplenorthofOldPrussians(i.e."east"alongtheBalticSeashore),eventuallysettlingdowntodenoteonlythemodern(Finnic,i.e.non-Baltic)Estonianterritoryinthe12thand13thcentury,asfixedbyHenryofLivonia. TheVistulaLagoonwasnamedEstmereinOldEnglish,derivingfromtheOldPrussianAīstinmari("Sea/Lagoon/BayoftheAesti")andisstillcalledAistmarėsinLithuanian. ThenameAestipossiblyderivesfromProto-Germanic*austrą("East")asProto-BaltslivedeastofProto-Germanicpeople.ItwasfirstattestedbytheRomanhistorianTacitusin98AD,butDiodorusSiculusmentionedthenameAestyiandtheGreekgeographerandexplorerPytheasmentionedOstiatoialreadyin320BC. TheEstonianendonymEestiwasfirstattestedinwritingasEstimahin1638,asacombinationofthenameEst-andtheword-mah("land"),whichisstillusedasanalternativenameEestimaainmodernStandardEstonian.AsimilarnameisusedinLivonianlanguageasĒstimō.ThenamevariantEest-wasadevelopmentofBalticGermanthroughtheinfluenceofLowGermanEestland.TheendonymEestiwaspopularizedduringtheEstonianNationalAwakening,withgreatinfluencefromthecoverofthefirstissueofthefirstEstoniandailynewspaperPernoPostimeesin1857. TheolderEstonianendonymMaavaldisacombinationofthewordsmaa("land","country"oralternatively"soil")andvald("parish"),meaning"Land/CountryParish".Thepeoplewerecalledmaarahvas(rahvas"people")andthelanguagewascalledmaakeel(keel"tongue","language"),meaning"PeopleoftheLand/Country"and"Land/Countrylanguage"respectively. TheFinnishnameViroisderivedfromtheNortheasternEstonianViruCounty,whichwasclosesttoFinnsalongtheshore.SimilarnamescanbefoundinotherNorthernFinniclanguages. TheLatviannameIgaunijaandLatgalliannameIgaunejaarederivedfromtheSoutheasternEstonianUgandiCounty. Eswatini[edit] Seealso:Eswatini§ Name "LandoftheSwazi",anethnicgroup.ThenameSwaziitselfderivesfromMswatiII,aformerkingofSwaziland. Swaziland,aformername:Self-descriptive,theEnglishtranslationoftheabove. Ethiopia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofEthiopia "LandoftheBlacks",fromLatinÆthiopia,fromtheAncientGreekΑἰθιοπία(Aithiopía),"landoftheBurnt-Faced"(fromΑἰθίοψ,Aithíops),originallyinreferencetoallSub-SaharanAfrica.[53] AnEthiopianfolketymologyrecordedintheBookofAksumtracesthenametoan"'Ityopp'is",supposedtobeasonofCush. DʿmtorDamot,aformername:Unknownetymology,reconstructedfromtheproto-Ge'ezandGe'ezDmt(Ge'ez:ዳሞት). KingdomofAksumorAxum,aformername:Uncertainmeaning,fromthecapitalAxum(Ge'ez:አክሱም)ofunknownetymology. Abyssinia,aformername:Uncertainmeaning.Latinizedin1735fromaPortuguesecorruptionAbassia[53]oftheArabical-Ḥabašah(الحبشة‎),[217]fromGe'ezḤabbaśā(ሐበሻ)orḤabaśā(ሐበሣ),firstattestedin2nd-or3rd-centuryengravingsasḤbśorḤbštm(ሐበሠ),[218]ofunknownorigin.Possiblyrelatedtothe15th-century-BCEgyptianḪbstjw,aforeignpeopleoftheincense-producingregions. F[edit] Fiji[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofFiji Possibly"look-out".[219]AdaptedfromFisi,theTonganformofViti,referringtotheislandofVitiLevu(Fijianfor"GreatViti").PopularizedbyBritishexplorerJamesCook.[220] Finland[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofFinlandandEtymologyofFinn "LandoftheFinns",fromtheSwedishspelling,[53]firstattestedinrunestonesinOldNorseinpresent-daySweden.EarlymentionsoftheFenniinTacitus'sfirst-centuryGermaniaandthePhinnoi(AncientGreek:Φιννοι)inPtolemy'ssecond-centuryGeographyaretodaythoughttorefertothemodernSamipeople.Theetymologyof"Finn"isuncertain:itmayderivefromGermanictranslationsoftheFinnishsuo("fen")[53]orfromtheproposedProto-Germanic*finne"wanderers","hunting-folk".[221] Suomi,theendonymandexonyminsomeotherFinnicandBalticlanguages:Uncertainetymology.Possiblyderivedfromtheproposedproto-Balto-Slavic*zeme"land"[222]orfromtheFinnishsuomaa("fenland").[53] France[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofFranceandNameofFrance "LandoftheFranks",AnglicizedfromLateLatinFrancia,fromOldFrankishFranko.Thename"Frank"itselfhasbeenderivedfromthehistoricframea("javelin"),[53]proposedProto-Germanic*frankon("spear","javelin"), –althoughthecharacteristicweaponsoftheFranksweretheswordandtheFrankishaxe –andfromtheProto-Germanic*frankisc("free")from*frank("free")[53] –althoughtheywerenotmastersuntilaftertheirconquestofGaul. Gallia,aformername:"LandoftheCelts",fromLatinGallia,ofuncertainetymology.Possiblederivationsincludeaneponymousriver[citationneeded]oraminortribereconstructedas*Gal(a)-to-whosenamewascognatewiththeProto-Celtic*galno-("power","strength").[citationneeded] Gaul,aformername:"LandofForeigners",fromFrenchGaule,fromProto-Germanic*Walhaz,originallymeaning"Volcae"buteventuallysimply"foreigner". G[edit] Gabon[edit] "Cloak",AnglicizedfromthePortugueseGabão,bestowedontheKomoRiverestuaryforitssupposedresemblancetoagabão,akindofpointy-hoodedovercoatwhosenamederivesfromtheArabicqabā'(‏قباء‎). TheGambia[edit] "Kaabu",selecteduponindependencein1965fromthenameoftheformerBritishcolony,namedfortheGambiaRiver,fromacorruptionofthePortugueseGambraandCambrafirstrecordedin1455byAlviseCadamosto,[223]acorruptionofalocalnameKambraorKambaa(Mandinkan:"Kaaburiver")orGambura,anamalgamofMandinkanKaabuandWolofbur("king").[224] AfolketymologytracesthewordfromthePortuguesecâmbio("trade","exchange"),fromtheregion'sextensiveinvolvementintheslavetrade. Georgia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofGeorgiaandNameofGeorgia.FortheU.S.state,seeListofetymologiesofU.S.states. Etymologyuncertain.Theterms"Georgia"and"Georgian"appearedinWesternEuropeinnumerousearlymedievalannals.Atthetime,thenamewasfolketymologized –forinstance,bytheFrenchchroniclerJacquesdeVitryandthe"English"fraudsterJohnMandeville –fromasupposedespecialreverenceoftheSaintGeorge.Accordingtoseveralmodernscholars,"Georgia"seemstohavebeenborrowedinthe11thor12thcenturyfromtheSyriacGurz-ānor-iyānandArabicĴurĵanorĴurzan,derivedfromtheNewPersianGurğorGurğān,itselfstemmingfromtheAncientIranianandMiddlePersianVrkānorWaručānofuncertainorigin,butresemblingtheeasterntrans-CaspiantoponymGorgan,fromtheMiddlePersianVarkâna("landofthewolves").ThismighthavebeenofthesameetymologyastheArmenianVirk'(Վիրք)andasourceoftheclassicalIberi(AncientGreek:Ἴβηρες,Ibēres).[225][226] Anothertheorysemanticallylinks"Georgia"toGreekgeōrgós(γεωργός,"tilleroftheland")andLatingeorgicus("agricultural").TheGeorgimentionedbyPlinytheElder[227]andPomponiusMela.[228]wereagriculturaltribesdistinguishedassuchfromtheirpastoralneighborsacrossthePanticapaeuminTaurica.[229] Sakartvelo,thelocalendonym:"PlaceforKartvelians"inGeorgian,fromKartli(ქართლი),attestedinthe5th-centuryMartyrdomoftheHolyQueenShushanik,possiblyfromacognatewiththeMingreliankarta(ქართა,"cattlepen","enclosedplace").TraditionallytakenbytheGeorgianChroniclesasreferringtoKartlos,aneponymousancestorwhosupposedlybuiltacityKartliontheMtkvariRivernearmodernArmazi. Iberia,aformername:LatinizedfromGreekIbēría(Ἰβηρία),possiblyfromVirk'asabove.[230] Germany[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofGermanyandNamesforGermany Meaninguncertain.Germanattested1520,AnglicizedfromLatinGermania,attestedinthe3rdcenturyBC,[citationneeded]popularizedbyJuliusCaesarasareferencetoalltribeseastoftheRhine,[231]andrepopularizedinEuropefollowingtherediscoveryandpublicationofTacitus'sGermaniain1455.[231]ProposedderivationsincludetheCelticgair-("neighbor"),[232]gairm("battle-cry")[232]or*gar("toshout"),[citationneeded]andgar("spear").[citationneeded] Deutschland,thelocalendonym:"ThePeople'sLand",fromOldHighGermandiutisciuland,fromtheGermanic*þiudiskaz(sometimestranslatedas"vernacular",[231]asopposedtoLatinandRomancelanguageslikeOldFrench),aformof*þeudō,fromtheproposedProto-Indo-European*tewtéh₂("people").[233] Ghana[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofGhana "WarriorKing",[234]adoptedatJ.B.Danquah'ssuggestionupontheunionofGoldCoastwithBritishTogolandin1956oruponindependenceon6March1957,inhomagetotheearlierMalianGhanaEmpire,namedforthetitleofitsruler.[citationneeded]Despitetheempireneverholdingterritorynearthecurrentnation,traditionalstoriesconnectthenorthernMandeofGhana –theSoninke,Dyula,Ligby,andBissa –topeoplesdisplacedfollowingthecollapseoftheoldGhana.[citationneeded] TogolandandBritishTogoland,formernames:SeeTogobelow. GoldCoast,aformername:Self-descriptive.ComparethenamesEuropeansgavetonearbystretchesofshore,asCôted'Ivoireabove. KingdomofGreatBritain[edit] Seeetymologyof"GreatBritain"undertheUnitedKingdombelow. Greece[edit] Mainarticles:NameofGreeceandNamesoftheGreeks Etymologyuncertain.FromOldEnglishGrecasandCrecas,fromLatinGræcus,presumablyfromGreekGraikoí(Γραικοί).TheRomansweresaidtohavecalledalltheGreeksafterthenameofthefirstgrouptheymet,[citationneeded]althoughthelocationofthattribevariesbetweenEpirus –AristotlerecordedthattheIllyriansusedthenameforDorianEpiriotsfromtheirnativenameGraii[235][236] –andCumae –EusebiusofCaesareadateditssettlementbyBoeotiansfromPithecusae[237]ledbyMegasthenesandHippoclesto1050BC.[238]ThetownofGraea(ΓραῖαGraîa)inornearOropos,Boeotia,[238]appearedinHomer'sCatalogueofShipsandwassaidtobetheoldestinGreece,[citationneeded]andtheParianChroniclelistsGraikoíastheoriginalnameoftheGreeks.[239]Thetownanditsregion(Γραϊκή,Graïkē)havebeenderivedfromthewordγραῖαgraia"oldwoman"whichinitsturncomesfromtheProto-Indo-Europeanlanguageroot*ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-,"togrowold"viaProto-Greek*gera-/grau-iu;[240]thesamerootlatergaveγέραςgeras(/keras/),"giftofhonour"inMyceneanGreek.[241] FolketymologylinkedthenamewithaneponymouspatriarchGraecus,relatedtoHellenbelow. Hellás,thelocalendonym:Etymologyunknown.ModernGreekElláda(Ελλάδα)andclassicalHellás(Ἑλλάς)bothderivefromGreekHellēn(Ἓλλην),whichAristotletracedthenametoaregioninEpirusbetweenDodonaandtheAchelous,wheretheSelloi(possibly"sacrificers"[citationneeded])weresaidtobepriestsofDodonianZeusandoperatorsofthefirstoracle. FolketymologylinkedthenamewithaneponymouspatriarchHellen(completelydistinctfromthefemaleHelenofTroy),saidtobethesonofDeucalionandPyrrhaandtohaveoriginatedinThessalicPhthia.AchilleuscommandedtheirforcesatTroy.[242]HisbrotherAmphictyonwassaidtohavefoundedtheGreatAmphictyonicLeague,whichbanded12city-statestogethertoprotectthetemplesofApolloatDelphiandofDemeteratAnthele. Grenada[edit] "Granada",fromitsFrenchnameLaGrenade,fromearlierSpanishGranada,whoseownnamederivedfromtheEmirateandTaifaofGranada,namedfortheircapitalGharnāṭah(Arabic:غَرْنَاطَة‎),originallyaJewishsuburb(Garnataal-Yahud)ofElvirawhichbecametheprincipalsettlementafterthelatterwasdestroyedin1010. Concepción,aformername:"Conception",bestowedbyChristopherColumbusuponhisdiscoveryoftheislandin1498.ItshostileCaribnatives,however,limitedcolonizationuntilthenamehadfallenfromuse. Guatemala[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofGuatemala "Forest",fromtheNahuatlCuauhtēmallān(lit."PlaceofManyTrees"),atranslationoftheK'iche'K'ii'chee'(lit."ManyTrees").[243] Guinea[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofGuineaandGulfofGuinea§ Name Etymologyuncertain.AnglicizedfromPortugueseGuiné,traditionallyderivedfromacorruptionofGhanaabove,originallyinreferencetotheinteriorandappliedtothecoastonlyafter1481.[244]AlternatetheoriesincludeacorruptionofDjenné[245]andtheBerberghinawen,aginaw,oraguinaou("burntone",i.e."black").[244] FrenchGuinea,aformername:Asabove,fromtheFrenchGuinéefrançaise,arenamingofRivièresduSudin1894.Forfurtheretymologyof"France",seeabove. RivièresduSud,aformername:"SouthernRivers"inFrench. Guinea-Conakry,analternatename:Asabove.Conakry,thecapital,istraditionallyderivedfromanamalgamofBagaCona,awineproducer,[clarificationneeded]andSossonakiri("otherside"or"shore").[246] Guinea-Bissau[edit] EtymologyofGuineauncertain.ThePortuguesenameofRepúblicadaGuiné-Bissauwasadoptedofficiallyuponindependencein1973. PortugueseGuinea,aformername:Asabove.Forfurtheretymologyof"Portugal",seebelow. Guyana[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofGuyana "LandofManyWaters"inanindigenouslanguage.[which?][247] BritishGuiana,aformername:Asabove.Forfurtheretymologyof"Britain",seeUnitedKingdombelow. H[edit] Haiti[edit] FromTaíno/Arawak,HayitiorHayti,meaning"mountainousland",originallyHayiti.ThenamederivesfromthemountainousandhillylandscapeofthewesternhalfoftheislandofHispaniola. Hispaniola(nameoftheislandsharedbyHaitiandtheDominicanRepublic)–aLatinizationoftheSpanishnameLaEspañola,meaning"TheSpanish(island)",anamegiventotheislandbyColumbusin1492.[248] Honduras[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofHonduras ChristopherColumbusnamedthecountry"Honduras",Spanishfor"depths",referringtothedeepwatersoffthenortherncoast. Hungary[edit] Mainarticle:NameofHungary Turkic:on-ogur,"(peopleofthe)tenarrows"–inotherwords,"allianceofthetentribes".ByzantinechroniclesgavethisnametotheHungarians;thechroniclersmistakenlyassumedthattheHungarianshadTurkicorigins,basedontheirTurkic-nomadiccustomsandappearance,despitetheUraliclanguageofthepeople.TheHungariantribeslateractuallyformedanallianceofthesevenHungarianandthreeKhazariantribes,butthenameisfrombeforethen,andfirstappliedtotheoriginalsevenHungariantribes.TheethnonymHunni(referringtotheHuns)hasinfluencedtheLatin(andEnglish)spelling. Ugry(Угры,OldEastSlavic),Uhorshchyna(Угорщина,Ukrainian),Vengrija(Lithuanian),Vengry,Vengriya(Венгры,Венгрия,Russian),Vuhorščyna(Вугоршчына,Belarusian),Wędżierskô(Kashubian),andWęgry(Polish):alsofromTurkic"on-ogur",seeabove.ThesamerootemergesintheethnonymYugrainSiberia,inhabitedbyKhantyandMansipeople,theclosestrelativestoHungariansintheUraliclanguagefamily. Magyarország(nativename–"landoftheMagyars"),andderivatives,e.g.CzechMaďarsko,Serbo-CroatianMađarska,TurkishMacaristan:magyar'Hungarian'+ország'land,country'.Magyarislikelyacompoundofpartseitherextinct,orextantforlongbackonlyascomponentsofcompounds:theantecedentmayhavebeenanancientUgric*mańćɜ,cf.Mansimäńćī'Manshi;unchristenedchild',måńś'jointendonymfortheKhantyandtheMansi',Khantymańt'thenameofoneoftheKhantyalliancesoftribes'.Theposteriorconstituentistheindependentlynotusedworder,goingbacktoancientFinno-Ugric*irkä'man,boy',foundinmodernHungarianember'man',férj'husband',némber'womanwithoutrespectablequalities';cf.Marierγe'boy',Finnishyrkö'man'.InHungarian,afterthedimmingofithavingbeenmadeupofconstituentparts,andduetotheactionofwovelharmonypresentinHungarian,magyeri,magyerbecamemagyar.[249]Országcomesfromtheolduruformofúr'lord,master',affixedwithderivationalsuffix'-szág'(alternativeof'-ság').[250]Accordingtounsubstantiatedlegend,recountedinthechronicleofSimonofKéza(GestaHunnorumetHungarorum,1282),Magyar(Magor),theforefatherofallHungarians,hadabrothernamedHunor(theancestoroftheHuns);theirfatherkingMenrot,equatestotheNimrod,builderofthetowerofBabel,oftheHebrewBible. I[edit] Iceland[edit] Mainarticle:NamesforIceland "LandofIce",fromOldNorseÍsland,fromíss("ice").OwingtothereportsontheoriginofthenameGreenland,Icelandhasbeenfolketymologizedtohavearisenasanattempttodissuadeoutsidersfromattemptingtosettletheland.However,accordingtotheLandnámabók,theearlyexplorerandsettlerFlókiVilgerðarsongavetheislandthenameafterspotting"afirth[orfjord]fullofdriftice"tothenorth.[251]Accordingtovariousalternativebutnotwidelyacceptedtheories,suchasthoseadvancedbypyramidologistAdamRutherfordorwriterEinarPálsson(inhisbookTheCelticHeritage,[252])theoriginofthenameÍs-landlieseitherwiththeancientEgyptiangoddessIsisorwithJesus. India[edit] Mainarticle:NamesofIndia "LandoftheIndusRiver"inLatin,fromGreekΙνδία,fromOldPersianHindu(𐎢𐎯𐎴𐎡𐏃),theOldPersiannameoftheSindProvince,ultimatelyderivedfromSanskritSindhu(सिन्धु),theoriginalnameoftheIndusRiver. Bharat(भारतम्),anativename:Sanskrit,commonlyderivedfromthenameofeitheroftwolegendarykingsnamedBharata(Dushyanta'ssonBharataorRishabha'ssonBharata).However,itisinreferencetopre-partitionedBritishIndialands(notallpartoftheBritishEmpireeither).[citationneeded] Hindustan(हिंदुस्तान),anative&formername:"LandofSind",fromHindi,[253]fromPersianHindustān(هندوستان‎),acompoundofHind(هند,"Sind")and-stan("land",seeAfghanistanabove).Theterms"Hind"and"Hindustan"wereusedinterchangeablyfromthe11thcenturybyMuslimrulerssuchastheMughalsultans[citationneeded]andusedbytheBritishRajalongside"India"torefertotheentiresubcontinentincludingIndia,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Burma,andforspecificallythenorthernregionsurroundingtheGangesvalleysincethe19thcentury.[citationneeded] Aryavarta(आर्यावर्त),anativename:Sanskritfor"landofAryans" Indonesia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofIndonesia "IndianIslands"inGreek(Ινδoνησία),apparentlyinventedinthemid-19thcenturytomean"IndiesIslands",fromtheislands'previousname"EastIndies". DutchEastIndies,aformername:atranslationoftheDutchNederlandsOost-Indië Hindia-Belanda,aformername:theIndonesianformoftheDutchnameabove. Iran[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofIranandNameofIran AhuraMazdaandArdashirI-Iranshar(ĒrānshahrorĪrānshahr)theSasanianEmpire "LandoftheAryans"or"landofthefree".Theterm"Arya"isfromaProtoIndo-iranianroot,generallymeaning"noble"or"free",cognatewiththeGreek-derivedword"aristocrat". Persia(formername):fromLatin,viaGreekΠερσίςPersis,fromOldPersian𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿Pārsa,originallythenameofPersis(modern-dayFarsi),aplacenameofacentraldistrictwithintheregion.AcommonHellenicfolk-etymologyderives"Persia"from"LandofPerseus".[citationneeded] TheModernPersianwordĪrān(ایران)derivesimmediatelyfromMiddlePersianĒrān(Pahlavispelling:ʼyrʼn),firstattestedinaninscriptionthataccompaniestheinvestiturereliefofthefirstSassanidkingArdashirIatNaqsh-eRustam.[254] Iraq[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofIraq OnetheoryisthatitisderivedfromthecityofErech/Uruk(alsoknownas"Warka")neartheriverEuphrates.SomearchaeologistsregardUrukasthefirstmajorSumeriancity.However,itismoreplausiblethatnameisderivedfromtheMiddlePersianwordErak,meaning"lowlands".Thenativesofthesouthwesternpartoftoday'sIrancalledtheirland"thePersianIraq"formanycenturies(forArabs:Iraqajemi:non-Arabic-speakingIraq).BeforetheconstitutionofthestateofIraq,theterm"Iraqarabi"referredtotheregionaroundBaghdadandBasra. Mesopotamia(ancientnameandGreekvariant):aloan-translation(Greekmeso-(between)andpotamos(river),meaning"BetweentheRivers")oftheancientSemiticBein-AlNahrein,"LandoftwoRivers",referringtotheTigrisandEuphratesrivers. Ireland[edit] Mainarticles:NamesoftheIrishstateandÉire After"Éire"fromProto-Celtic*Īwerjū,"thefertileplace"or"PlaceofÉire(Eriu)",aCelticfertilitygoddess.Oftenmistakenlyderivedas"LandofIron";maycomefromareflexofProto-Indo-European*arya,orfromvariationsoftheIrishwordfor"west"(modernIrishiar,iarthar). Hibernia(ancientnameandLatinvariant):apparentlyassimilatedtoLatinhibernus("wintry")fromearlierIvernia(giveninPtolemy'sGeographiaasἸουερνία),fromtheaboveCelticname. IrelandisknownasEirinninScottishGaelic,fromagrammaticalcaseofÉire.InthefellowCelticlanguages:inWelshitisIwerddon;inCornishitisYwerdhonorWorthen;andinBretonitisIwerzhon. InGaelicbardictraditionIrelandisalsoknownbythepoeticalnamesofBanbhaandFódhla.InGaelicmyth,Ériu,BanbhaandFódlawerethreegoddesseswhogreetedtheMilesiansupontheirarrivalinIreland,andwhograntedthemcustodyoftheisland. Israel[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofIsrael "El(God)persists/rules". "Israel"andrelatedterms"thepeopleofIsrael"('AmIsra'elעםיִשְׂרָאֵל‎)and"theChildrenofIsrael"(BeneiIsra'elבנייִשְׂרָאֵל‎)havereferredtotheJewishPeopleinitsliteraturefromantiquity.ThenameIsra'el(יִשְׂרָאֵל‎–literally:"willStrugglewithGod"),originatesfromtheHebrewBibleasanappellationgiventothebiblicalpatriarchJacob.AccordingtotheaccountintheBookofGenesis,Jacobwrestledwithastrangeratariverfordandwon–throughperseverance.GodthenchangedhisnametoIsrael,signifyingthathehaddeliberatedwithGodandwon,ashehadwrestledandwonwithmen. Italy[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofItalyandHistoryofItaly§ Originsofthename FromthemythologicalfigureofItalus. FromLatinĪtalia,itselffromGreekἸταλία,fromtheethnicnameἸταλός,pluralἸταλοί,originallyreferringtoanearlypopulationinthesouthernpartofCalabria.Thatethnicnameprobablydirectlyrelatestoawordἰταλός(italós,"bull"),quotedinanancientGreekglossbyHesychius(fromhiscollectionof51,000unusual,obscureandforeignwords).This"Greek"wordisassumedtobeacognateofLatinvitulus("calf"),althoughthedifferentlengthoftheiisaproblem.TheLatinvitulusispresumablyderivedfromtheProto-Indo-Europeanroot*wet-meaning"year"(hence,a"yearling":a"one-year-oldcalf"),althoughthechangeofetoiisunexplained.The"Greek"word,however,isglossedas"bull",not"calf".SpeakersofancientOscancalledItalyVíteliú,acognateofGreekἸταλίαandLatinĪtalia.Varrowrotethattheregiongotitsnamefromtheexcellenceandabundanceofitscattle.Somedisagreewiththatetymology.CompareItalus. FriagiorFriaz'(OldEastSlavic):fromtheByzantineappellationforthemedievalFranks. Valland(variantinIcelandic):"LandofValer"(anOldNorsenameforCelts,lateralsousedfortheRomanizedtribes). Włochy(Polish)andOlaszország(Hungarian):fromGothicwalh,thesamerootasinVallandandWallachia. IvoryCoast[edit] SeeCôted'Ivoireabove. J[edit] Jamaica[edit] Taíno/ArawakIndianXaymacaorHamaica,"Landofwoodandwater"orperhaps"Landofsprings". Japan[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofJapanandNamesofJapan FromGeppun,MarcoPolo'sItalianrenditionoftheislands'Shanghainesename日本(Mandarinpinyin:rìběn,Shanghaiesepronunciation:Nyih4Pen2,atthetimeapproximatelyjitpun),or"sun-origin",i.e."LandoftheRisingSun",indicatingJapanaslyingtotheeastofChina(wherethesunrises).Alsoformerlyknownasthe"EmpireoftheSun". Nihon/Nippon:Japanesename,fromtheOnyomi(Sino-Japanese)pronunciationofthesamecharactersasabove. Jordan[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofJordan AftertheriverJordan,thenameofwhichpossiblyderivesfromtheHebrewandCanaaniterootירד‎yrd–"descend"(intotheDeadSea).TheriverJordanformspartoftheborderbetweenJordanandIsrael/WestBank. Transjordan(formername):Transmeans"across"or"beyond",i.e.eastoftheriverJordan. Urdun(Arabic),literaltranslationofnameJordan,sometimesspelledUrdan. K[edit] Kazakhstan[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofKazakhstan "LandoftheKazakhs",anamalgamofKazakhqazaq(Қазақ,'nomad','free')andPersian-stan([text?]'land'). Kenya[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofKenya,EtymologyofMountKenya,andListofnamesonMountKenya AfterMountKenya,probablyfromtheKikuyuKereNyaga("WhiteMountain").[255] BritishEastAfrica(formername):afteritsgeographicalpositiononthecontinentofAfricaandtheformercolonialpower,(Britain). SeealsoBritain,above,andAfricaonthePlacenameetymologypage. FromtheKikuyuwordKirinyagaacontractionofKirimanyaga"Ostrichmountain",socalledbecausethedarkshadowsandsnow-cappedpeakresembletheplumageofamaleOstrich.TheneighbouringKambatribedonothavethe"R"and"G"soundintheirlanguageandcalledit"Keinya"whenactingasguidestoaGermanexplorer.ItisoftenerroneouslybelieveditcomesfromKirimaNgai"MountainofGod" Kiribati[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofKiribati Anadaptationof"Gilbert",fromtheformerEuropeannamethe"GilbertIslands".Pronounced [ˈkiɾibas]. GilbertIslands(formername):namedaftertheBritishCaptainThomasGilbert,whosightedtheislandsin1788. Korea(NorthandSouth)[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofKoreaandNamesofKorea From"Gaoli",MarcoPolo'sItalianrenditionofGāoLí(Chinese:高麗),theChinesenameforGoryeo(918–1392),whichhadnameditselfaftertheearlierGoguryeo(37BC–AD668).Theoriginalnamewasacombinationoftheadjectivego(고;高)meaning"lofty"andalocalYemaektribe,whoseoriginalnameisthoughttohavebeeneitherGuru(구루,"walledcity")orGauri(가우리,"center"). SouthKoreanscallKoreaHanguk(한국),anearly20thcenturyneologismderivedfromthename"Samhan",referringtotheThreeKingdomsofKorea. NorthKoreansaswellasethnicKoreanslivinginChinaandJapancallitChosŏn(조선)fromGojoseon(?–108BC). Kosovo[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofKosovoandNamesofKosovo FromtheSerbianwordKosovo,derivedfromKosovoPolje,thecentralKosovoplain,andliterallymeans"FieldofBlackbird",since"kos"is"ablackbird"and"-ovo"isregularSerbiansuffixforpossessiveadjectives.[citationneeded] InHungarianitisRigómező,whichmeans"fieldofthethrush" Kuwait[edit] FromtheArabicdiminutiveformofكوت‎(KutorKout),meaning"fortressbuiltnearwater". Kyrgyzstan[edit] "Landofthefortytribes",fromthreewords:kyrg(kırk)meaning"forty",yz(uz)meaning"tribes"inEast-Turkic,and-stanmeaning"land"inPersian. L[edit] Laos[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofLaos CoinedunderFrenchrule,derivedfromLaolao(ລາວ),meaning"aLaotian"or"Laotian",possiblyoriginallyfromanancientIndianwordlava(लव).(LavaisthenameofoneofthetwinsonsofthegodRama;seeHistoryofLahore.)ThenamemightalsobefromAi-Lao(Lao:ອ້າຽລາວ,Isan:อ้ายลาว,Chinese:哀牢;pinyin:Āiláo,Vietnamese:ailao),theoldChinesenamefortheTaiethnicgroupstowhichtheLaopeoplebelong.[256]FormerlyknownasLanXang(ລ້ານຊ້າງ)or"landofamillionelephants". Lao:ເມືອງລາວMuangLao,lit."LaoCountry".Theofficialname:LaoDemocraticPeople'sRepublic;Lao:ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາທິປະໄຕປະຊາຊົນລາວSathalanalatPaxathipataiPaxaxonLao Chinese:老挝Lǎowō Latvia[edit] Mainarticle:Latvianpeople Emergedinthe19thcenturybycombiningethnonymwithfinale-ija.ThemeaningandoriginofnameofLatvianpeopleisunclear,howevertherootlat-/let-isassociatedwithseveralBaltichydronymsandmightsharecommonoriginwiththeLiet-partofneighbouringLithuania(Lietuva,seebelow)andnameofLatgalians–oneoftheBaltictribesthatareconsideredancestorsofmodernLatvianpeople. Lebanon[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofLebanon ThenameLebanon(لُبْنَان‎LubnāninstandardArabic;LebnanorLebnèninlocaldialect)isderivedfromtheSemiticroot"LBN",whichislinkedtoseveralcloselyrelatedmeaningsinvariouslanguages,suchas"white"and"milk".Thisisregardedasareferencetothesnow-cappedMountLebanon,whichisactuallywhatthecountrywasnamedafterasithadpreviouslybeencalledPhoenicia,aprosperousancientsemiticcivilizationthathailedfromthelandinModerndayLebanon.OccurrencesofthenamehavebeenfoundinthreeofthetwelvetabletsoftheEpicofGilgamesh(2900BC),thetextsofthelibraryofEbla(2400BC),andtheBible(71timesintheBible'sOldTestament). Lesotho[edit] "LandoftheBasotho"or"oftheSesotho-speakers".[257]Basothoitselfisformedfromthepluralprefixba-andSothoofuncertainetymology,althoughpossiblyrelatedtothewordmotho("humanbeing").[258] Basutoland:"LandoftheBasotho",fromanearlyanglicizationoftheirname Liberia[edit] FromtheLatinliber"free",sonamedbecausethecountrywasestablishedasahomelandforfreed(liberated)African-Americanslaves. Libya[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofLibya,AncientLibya,andLibu AfteranancientBerbertribecalledLibyansbytheGreeksandRbwbytheEgyptians.Untilthecountry'sindependence,theterm"Libya"generallyappliedonlytothevastdesertbetweentheTripolitanianLowlandandtheFazzanplateau(tothewest)andEgypt'sNilerivervalley(totheeast).With"Tripoli"thenameofnewcountry'scapital,andtheoldnortheasternregionalname"Cyrenaica"havingpassedintoobsolescence,"Libya"becameaconvenientnameforthecountry. Liechtenstein[edit] FromtheGerman"lightstone"("light"asin"bright").ThecountrytookitsnamefromtheLiechtensteindynasty,whichpurchasedandunitedthecountiesofSchellenbergandVaduz.TheHolyRomanEmperorallowedthedynastytorenamethenewpropertyafteritself. LiechtensteinandLuxembourgaretheonly*German-speakingformermembermonarchiesofthedefactoconfederal"HolyRomanEmpire"(961–1806)whichwerenotassimilatedorannexedbyGermany,AustriaorSwitzerland. (*InthecaseofLuxembourg,Germanis–forhistoricalreasons–oneofthethreeofficialadministrativelanguages,afterLuxembourgishandFrench.GermanisnotthenationalmothertongueoftheLuxembourgishpeople.) Lithuania[edit] Multipletheories:Somelinkittothewordlieti("toconsolidate"or"tounite"),referringtothefirstunionoftribesinethnicLithuanianlands(notlandsofBalts,butlandsofancienttribesofLithuaniansincludingPrussians,nowadaysLatviansandBelarusians). Alternatively,couldbeahydronym,possiblyfromasmallriverLietavaincentralLithuania.ThathydronymhasbeenassociatedwithLithuanianlieti(rootlie-"pour"or"spill").ComparetoOldSlavicliyati(лыиати"pour"),Greeka-lei-son(α-λει-σον"cup"),Latinlitus("seashore"),TocharianAlyjäm("lake"). Historically,attemptshavebeenmadetosuggestadirectdescendancefromtheLatinlitus(seelittoral).Litva(genitive:Litvae),anearlyLatinvariantofthetoponym,appearsina1009chronicledescribinganarchbishop"struckovertheheadbypagansontheborderofRussia/PrussiaandLitvae".A16th-centuryscholarassociatedthewordwiththeLatinwordlitus("tubes")–apossiblereferencetowoodentrumpetsplayedbyLithuaniantribesmen. Afolkloricexplanationisthatthecountry'snameintheLithuanianlanguage(Lietuva)isderivedfromawordlietus("rain")andmeans"arainyplace". Luxembourg[edit] Thecountrywhichwasinitiallycalled(Countyofthe)Ardennesnameditselfafteritshomonymcapitalcityfoundedin963. FromCelticLucilem"small",Germanlützel,OHGluc(c)il,luz(z)il(cognatetoEnglish"little")andGermanicBurg:"castle"or"fortress",thusLucilemburg:"littlecastle"or"littlefortress". Laterformsofthenamewere:Lütze(l)burg,Lëtzelburg(cf.Luxembourgish:Lëtzebuerg) TheevolutiontowardstheoriginallyFrenchversionsofthenameusingtheletterXinsteadofC,TZorTS(Luxembourg,Luxemburg),whichwereadoptedbymostlanguages(butnotbyLuxembourgishitself),wastheresultoftheFrenchculturalinfluencethroughoutEuropesincethe17thcentury. LuxembourgandLiechtensteinaretheonly*German-speakingformermembermonarchiesofthedefactoconfederal"HolyRomanEmpire"(961–1806)whichwerenotassimilatedorannexedbyGermany,AustriaorSwitzerland. (*InthecaseofLuxembourg,Germanis–forhistoricalreasons–oneofthethreeofficialadministrativelanguages,afterLuxembourgishandFrench.GermanandFrencharenotthenationalmothertongueoftheLuxembourgishpeople.) M[edit] Macedonia[edit] SeeNorthMacedoniabelow. Madagascar[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofMadagascar FromMadageiscar,acorruptionofMogadishupopularizedbyMarcoPolo. Malawi[edit] Possiblybasedonanativewordmeaning"flamingwater"or"tonguesoffire",believedtohavederivedfromthesun'sdazzlingreflectionsonLakeMalawi.ButPresidentHastingsBanda,thefoundingPresidentofMalawi,reportedininterviewsthatinthe1940shesawa"LacMaravi"shownin"Bororo"countryonanantiqueFrenchmaptitled"LaBasseGuineeCon[t]enantLesRoyaumesdeLoango,deCongo,d'AngolaetdeBenguela"andhelikedthename"Malawi"betterthan"Nyasa"(or"Maravi")."LacMarawi"doesnotnecessarilycorrespondtotoday'sLakeMalawi.Bandahadsuchinfluenceatthetimeofindependencein1964thathenamedtheformerNyasaland"Malawi",andthenamestuck. Nyasaland(formername):Nyasaliterallymeans"lake"inthelocalindigenouslanguages.ThenameappliedtoLakeMalawi,formerlyLakeNyasa(Niassa). Malaysia[edit] Mainarticles:MalaypeopleandEtymologyofMalaysia "Malaysia"usedasalabelfortheMalayArchipelagoona1914mapfromaU.S.atlas "LandoftheMalays":acombinationofMalayandtheLatin/Greeksuffix-sia/-σία.[259]malayadvīpa(Sanskrit:मलयद्वीप)wasthewordusedbyancientIndiantraderswhenreferringtotheMalayPeninsula.Inmodernterminology,"Malay"isthenameofanethnoreligiousgroupofAustronesianpeoplepredominantlyinhabitingtheMalayPeninsulaandportionsofadjacentislandsofSoutheastAsia,includingtheeastcoastofSumatra,thecoastofBorneo,andsmallerislandsthatliebetweentheseareas.[260]AtheorysuggeststhatthewordMelayu('Malay')isderivedfromtheMalay/Javanesetermsmelayuormlayu(tosteadilyaccelerateortorun),todescribethestrongcurrentofariverinSumatrathattodayborethenameSungaiMelayu.[261]ThenamewaslaterpossiblyadoptedbytheMelayuKingdomthatexistedinthe7thcenturyonSumatra.[262]ThecontinentalpartofthecountryborethenameTanahMelayu(literally'MalayLand')orMalayauntil1963,whenFederationofMalaysiawasformedtogetherwiththeterritoriesofSabah,SarawakandSingapore(thelatterwithdrewin1965).Thenamechangeindicatedthechangeofthecountry'sboundariesbeyondMalayPeninsula.Malaysianreferstoitscitizensofallracesincludesthenativeaboriginalpeople,whileMalayreferstotheMalaypeople,whichmakesupabouthalfofthepopulation. Maldives[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofMaldivesandNamesofMaldives Scholarsbelievethatthename"Maldives"derivesfromtheSanskritmaladvipa(मालद्वीप),meaning"garlandofislands".SomesourcessaythattheTamilmaalai(மாலை)orMalayalammala(മാല):"Tamiltheevu(தீவு)""mountain(s)",andSanskritdvīp(द्वीप):"island",thus,"MountainIslands". DhivehiRaajje(ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ)(Maldivianname):"KingdomofMaldivians".DhivehiisanoundescribingtheDhivespeople(Maldivians)andtheirlanguage"Dhivehi"simultaneously. Maladwipa(मालद्वीप):Sanskritfor"garland(malaमाला,pronounced/maːlaː/)ofislands";or,morelikely,"smallislands",frommala(मल)(pronounced/mala/)meaning"small". Mali[edit] AftertheancientWestAfricankingdomofthesamename,wherealargepartofthemoderncountryis.Thewordmalimeans"hippopotamus"inMalinkéandBamana. FrenchSudan(formercolonialname).InFrenchSoudanfrançais.ThetermSudan(seebelow)stemsfromtheArabicbiladas-sudan(البلادالسودان‎)("landoftheBlacks"). Malta[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofMalta FromeitherGreekorPhoenician.Ofthetwocultures,availableevidencesuggeststhattheGreekshadanearlierpresenceontheisland,fromasfarbackas700BC.[263]TheGreeksareknowntohavecalledtheislandMelita(Μελίτη)meaning"honey",asdidtheRomans;solidevidenceforthisisMalta'sdominationbytheByzantineEmpirefrom395throughto870.Itisstillnicknamedthe"landofhoney".[263][264]ThetheoryforaPhoenicianoriginofthewordisvia𐤈𐤄𐤋𐤀𐤌Malethmeaning"ahaven".[265]Themodern-daynamecomesfromtheMalteselanguage,throughanevolutionofoneoftheearliernames. MarshallIslands[edit] NamedafterBritishcaptainJohnMarshall,whofirstdocumentedtheexistenceoftheislandsin1788.ThefamilynameisrenderedMajeļinMarshallese. Mauritania[edit] Latinfor"landoftheMoors"(fromGreekmáuros,μαύρος(black).MisnamedaftertheclassicalMauretaniainnorthernMorocco,itselfnamedaftertheBerberMauriorMoortribe. Mauritius[edit] NamedPrinsMauritsvanNassaueilandin1598afterMauriceofNassau(1567–1625),StadtholderofHollandandPrinceofOrange(1585–1625). Mexico[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofMexicoandNameofMexico AftertheMexica.Themeaningofthenameisuncertain.SometakeitastheoldNahuatlwordforthesun.[266]SeealsoMexicanstatenameetymologies. FederatedStatesofMicronesia[edit] CoinedfromtheGreekwordsmikros(μικρός"small")andnesos(νῆσος"island")–"smallislands". Moldova[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofMoldovaandNameofMoldova FromtheMoldovaRiverinRomania,possiblyfromGothicMulda(𐌼ᚢ𐌻ᛞᚨ):"dust","mud",viathePrincipalityofMoldavia(MoldovainRomanian). Thereisalsoawell-knownRomanianlegendaboutayoungmannamedDragoșVodăwhowenthuntingforanaurochsorawisent,followedbyabunchofdogs.Duringthehuntingexpedition,allthedogsgottiredandfelldown,exceptforafemaledognamedMoldawhichrantothewildanimalallthetime.Afterthewisententeredintoariver,thefemaledogdidthesamething,butunfortunatelyitgotdrownedanddiedinthatway.ThankstoMolda,Dragoșfinallykilledthewisentandcutitsheadoff,andinmemoryofhisdog'ssacrifice,henamedtheriverandthelandafterMOLda–MOLdovA.Thatlegend,whichisafictionalstory,explainsthenameoftheterritoryandcountry'setymologyandalsoexplainswhythesymbolofMoldovaisthewisenthead. Monaco[edit] FromtheancientGreekmonoikos(μόνοικος)'single-dwelling',throughLatinMonoecus.Originallythenameofanancientcolonyfoundedinthe6thcenturyB.C.byPhocianGreeks,andaby-nameofthedemigodHerculesworshipedthere.(TheassociationofMonacowithmonks(Italianmonaci)datesfromtheGrimaldiconquestof1297:seecoatofarmsofMonaco.) Mongolia[edit] "LandoftheMongols"inLatin."Mongol"ultimatelyfromMongolianMongol(монгол)ofuncertainetymology,givenvariouslyasthenameofamountainorriver;acorruptionoftheMongolianMongkhe-tengri-gal("EternalSkyFire");[267]oraderivationfromMugulu,the4th-centuryfounderoftheRouranKhaganate.[268]FirstattestedastheMungu[269](Chinese:蒙兀,ModernChineseMěngwù,MiddleChineseMuwngu[270])branchoftheShiweiinan8th-centuryTangdynastylistofnortherntribes,presumablyrelatedtotheLiao-eraMungku[269](Chinese:蒙古,ModernChineseMěnggǔ,MiddleChineseMuwngkuX[271])tribenowknownastheKhamagMongol.ThelastheadofthetribewasYesügei,whosesonTemüjineventuallyunitedalltheShiweitribesastheMongolEmpire(YekheMonggolUlus). Montenegro[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofMontenegro "BlackMountain"intheVenetianlanguage,forMountLovćenanditsdarkconiferousforests. CrnaGora,thelocalendonym:Asabove,inSerbian(ЦрнаГора). Doclea,aformername:"LandoftheDocleatae",LatinizedfromtheGreeknameDokleátai(Δοκλεάται)ofanIllyriantribeformedaroundoldPodgoricafollowingtheGreatIllyrianRevolt.TheRomanssubsequentlyhyper-correctedthenametoDiocleaby"restoring"asupposedlost-I-.[citationneeded] Zeta,aformername:"[Landofthe]ZetaRiver"(Зета),whosenameprobablyrelatestoearlySlavicrootsrelatedto"harvest"(Serbian:žetva)[citationneeded]or"grain"(žito).[citationneeded] Morocco[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofMorocco from"Marrakesh",thesouthregion'sformercapital,fromPortugueseMarrocos.FormoftheBerbernameMərrakəš(ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ),probablyfrommur[n]akush(ⵎⵓⵔⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛ,"LandofGod"). Al-Maghrib,anativename:Arabicfor"theWest"(المغرب‎),althoughnotethatinEnglishuse,theMaghrebtypicallyreferstoallofnorthwestAfrica,notMoroccoinparticular.Also,Maghrebmeans"TheLandofSunset". Mozambique[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofMozambique FromthenameoftheIslandofMozambique,whichinturnprobablycomesfromthenameofapreviousArabruler,thesheikMussaBenMbiki. Myanmar[edit] SeeBurmaabove. N[edit] Namibia[edit] FromthecoastalNamibDesert.Namibmeans"areawherethereisnothing"intheNamalanguage. South-WestAfrica,aformername:locationonthecontinent.ForAfrica,seeListofcontinent-nameetymologies. GermanSouthwestAfrica,aformername:Asabove.ForGermany,seeGermanyabove. Nauru[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofNauru Thename"Nauru"mayderivefromtheNauruanwordAnáoero,whichmeans"Igotothebeach".TheGermansettlerscalledtheislandNawodoorOnawero. Nepal[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofNepal Thename"Nepal"isderivedfrom"Nepa"asmentionedinthehistoricalmapsofSouthAsia."Nepa"literallymeans"thosewhodomesticatecattle"intheTibeto-Burmanlanguages.ThelandwasknownbyitspeopletheNepaorNepar,Newar,Newa,Newaletc.,whostillinhabittheareai.e.thevalleyofKathmanduanditssurroundings.TheNewapeopleuse"Ra"and"La"or"Wa"and"Pa"interchangeably,hencethedifferentnamesmentionedabove. SomesayitderivesfromtheSanskritwordnīpālaya(Sanskrit:नीपालय),whichmeans"abodeatthefootofmountain',referringtoitsproximitytotheHimalayas.(ComparetheanalogousEuropeantoponym"Piedmont".)OtherssuggestthatitderivesfromtheTibetanniyampal,whichmeans"holyland".(NepailIsOneLanguage) Netherlands[edit] Mainarticle:Netherlands(terminology) NetherlandsliterallymeansLowcountriesorLowlands.DutchnederanditsEnglishcognatenetherbothmean'down(ward),below'.TheEnglishwordisnowuncommon,mostlyreplacedbylowerinEnglish.[272]Nederornethermaysimplyhavedenotedthegeographicalcharacteristicsoftheland,bothflatanddownriver.ThismayhaveappliedtothesingularformNederland,orNiderland.ItwasageographicaldescriptionoflowregionsintheGermaniclands.ThusitwasalsousedtoreferspecificallytotheestuariesoftheScheldt,MeuseandRhine,includingtheLowerRhineland.[273]: 37  Holland,aformername:FromtheregionofHollandwithintheNetherlands,oftenusedbymetonymyforthecountryasawhole."Holland"fromtheGermanicholt-land("woodedland"),[274]althoughoftenpseudoetymologizedas"hollow"or"marshland"). Batavia,aformerandpoeticname:FromtheLatinnameoftheGermanicBataviitribe. NewZealand[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofNewZealand Seealso:ListofNewZealandplacenamesandtheirmeanings AftertheprovinceofZeelandintheNetherlands,whichmeans"sealand",referringtothelargenumberofislandsitcontains.AbelTasmanreferredtoNewZealandasStatenLandt,butlaterDutchcartographersusedNovaZeelandia,inLatin,followedbyNieuwZeelandinDutch,whichCaptainJamesCooklateranglicisedtoNewZealand. AotearoahasbecomethemostcommonnameforthecountryintheindigenousMāorilanguage,supplantingtheloan-phraseNiuTireni.Aotearoaconventionallymeans"landofthelongwhitecloud". NuaShealtainninbothIrishandScottishGaelic,meaning"NewShetland"(Sealtainn),itselffromametathesisedformofScotsShetland.Gaelicspeakersseemtohavefolk-etymologisedZeelandwhentranslatingNewZealand'snamefromEnglish. Nicaragua[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofNicaragua AmergercoinedbytheSpanishexplorerGilGonzálezDávilaafterNicarao,aleaderofanindigenouscommunityinhabitingtheshoresofLakeNicaraguaandagua,theSpanishwordfor"water";subsequently,theethnonymofthatnativecommunity. Niger[edit] InEnglish,Nigermaybepronounced/ˈnaɪdʒər/or/niːˈʒɛər/. NamedaftertheNigerRiver,fromanativetermNiGiror"RiverGir"orfromTuaregn'eghirren("flowingwater").[275] Nigeria[edit] AftertheNigerriverthatflowsthroughthewesternareasofthecountryandintotheoceanandarea.SeeNigerabove. NorthKorea[edit] Self-descriptive,fromitslocationinthenorthernportionoftheKoreanPeninsula.FortheetymologyofKorea,seeKoreaabove. NorthMacedonia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofMacedoniaandMacedonia(terminology) Self-descriptive,fromitslocationinthenorthernportionofMacedonia. Macedonia:Thecountryname(Macedonian:Македонија/Makedonija)isfromtheGreekwordΜακεδονία(Makedonía),[276][277]akingdom(later,region)namedaftertheancientMacedonians.Theirname,Μακεδόνες(Makedónes),derivesultimatelyfromtheancientGreekadjectiveμακεδνός(makednós),meaning"tall,taper",[278]whichsharesthesamerootasthenounμάκρος(mákros),meaning"length"inbothancientandmodernGreek.[279]Thenameisoriginallybelievedtohavemeanteither"highlanders"or"thetallones".[280]Theprovisionalterm"theformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia"wasusedinmanyinternationalcontextsinacknowledgmentofapoliticaldisputewithGreeceoverthehistoricallegitimacyofthecountry'suseofthename.InFebruary2019,thecountryrenameditselftotheRepublicofNorthMacedonia. Norway[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofNorway FromtheoldNorsenorðrandvegr,"northernway".NorðrvegrreferstolongcoastalpassagesfromthewesterntipofNorwaytoitsnorthernmostlandsintheArctic. NativelycalledNorgeinBokmålandNoreginNynorsk. Urmane,orMurmane(урмане;Му́рмане)inOldEastSlavic:fromtheNorsepronunciationofthewordNormans:"Northmen".(ThiswordsurvivesinthenameoftheRussiancityMurmansk.) AnIorua(Irish)seemstoderivefromamisinterpretationofOldNorseNorðrvegrasbeginningtheIrishdefinitearticlean,commontomostcountrynamesinIrish.Therestofthewordwasthentakenasthecountryname.(AsimilarprocesstookplaceinthedevelopmentoftheEnglishword"adder":originally"anadder".) O[edit] Oman[edit] Etymologyuncertain.ItseemstoberelatedtoPlinytheElder'sOmana[281]andPtolemy'sOmanon(Όμανονεμπόριον),[282]bothprobablytheancientSohar.[283]ThecityorregionistypicallyetymologizedinArabicfromaamenoramoun("settled"people,asopposedtothebedouin),[283]althoughanumberofeponymousfoundershavebeenproposed(OmanbinIbrahimal-Khalil,OmanbinSiba'binYaghthanbinIbrahim,OmanbinQahtan,andtheBiblicalLot)andothersderiveitfromthenameofavalleyinYemenatMa'ribpresumedtohavebeentheoriginofthecity'sfounders,theAzd,atribemigratingfromYemen.[284] P[edit] Pakistan[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofPakistan ThenamePakistanliterallymeans"LandofthePure"inUrduandPersian.Itwascoinedin1933asPakstanbyChoudhryRahmatAli,aPakistanMovementactivist,whopublisheditinhispamphletNoworNever,[285]usingitasanacronym("thirtymillionMuslimbrethrenwholiveinPAKSTAN")referringtothenamesofthefivenorthwesternregionsoftheIndianEmpire:Punjab,North-WestFrontierProvince,Kashmir,Sindh,andBaluchistan".[286][287][288]Theletteriwasincorporatedtoeasepronunciationandformthelinguisticallycorrectandmeaningfulname.[289] Palau[edit] FromthenativenameBelau("Palau"),traditionallyderivedfromPalauanaidebelau("indirectreplies"),inreferencetotheisland'screationstoryinvolvingthedestructionofthegiantChuab.[290] Belau,thelocalendonym:Asabove. LosPalos,aformername:ASpanishadaptationoftheabove. Pelew,aformername:FromthetranscriptionofBelauabovebytheBritishcaptainHenryWilson,whoseshipwaswreckedoffUlongIslandin1783. Palestine[edit] Mainarticle:TimelineofthenamePalestine TheEnglishwordPalestineisderivedfromtheLatinPalestina("RomanProvinceofPalestine"),whichisderivedfromtheAncientGreekΠαλαιστίνη(Palaistine,"Philistiaandsurroundingregions"),whichisinturnderivedfromtheHebrewפלשת‎(Pelesheth,"landofthePhilistines")[291] Panama[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofPanama Afteraformervillagenearthemoderncapital,PanamaCity.FromtheCuevaIndianlanguagemeaning"placeofabundanceoffish"or"placeofmanyfish",possiblyfromtheCaribe"abundanceofbutterflies",orpossiblyfromanothernativetermreferringtothePanamatree. PapuaNewGuinea[edit] Mainarticle:NamesofNewGuinea Thecountryacquireditsnameinthe19thcentury.Theword"Papua"derivesfromMalaypapuahdescribingthehairstylesfoundinPapuancultures."NewGuinea"comesfromtheSpanishexplorerYñigoOrtizdeRetez,whonotedtheresemblanceofthelocalpeopletothosehehadearlierseenalongtheGuineacoastofAfrica. Paraguay[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofParaguay Theexactmeaningoftheword"Paraguay"isunknown,thoughitseemstoderivefromtheriverofthesamename.Oneofthemostcommonexplanationsisthatitmeans"waterofthePayagua(anativetribe)".AnothermeaninglinkstheGuaraniwordspara("river")andguai("crown"),meaning"crownedriver".Athirdmeaningmaybepara("river"),gua("from"),y("water")meaning"waterthatcomesfromtheriver",referringtotheboginthenorthofthecountry,whichisactuallyinBrazil. Peru[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofPeru Theexactmeaningbehindtheword"Peru"isobscure.Themostpopulartheoryderivesitfromthenativewordbiru,meaning"river"(comparewiththeRiverBiruinmodernEcuador).AnotherexplanationclaimsthatitcomesfromthenameoftheIndianchieftainBeru.Spanishexplorersaskedhimthenameoftheland,butnotunderstandingtheirlanguage,heassumedtheywantedhisownname,whichhegavethem.Anotherpossibleoriginispelu,presumptivelyanoldnativenameoftheregion. Philippines[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofthePhilippinesandNameofthePhilippines "LandsofPrincePhilipofAsturias",fromtheSpanishFelipinas,honoringthefutureKingPhilipIIofSpain,bestowedontheislandsofLeyteandSamarbytheexplorerRuyLópezdeVillalobosin1543andlaterextendedtorefertotheentirearchipelago.Philip'snameitselfisGreek(Φίλιππος,Phílippos)andmeans"loverofhorses".[292] Ma-i,aformername:FromtheMandarinpronunciationMáyìoftheChinesecharacters麻逸usedbyCantonesetraderstospellMa-yatandZaytonesetraderstospellMa-it,[293][294][295][296]sinicizationsofalocalprehistoricstate(probablyonMindoro[295][297]orLaguna[298])recordedbytheSultanateofBruneiasMaidh.[299] St.LazarusIslands,aformername:fromtheSpanishnameLasislasdeSanLázarobestowedbyFerdinandMagellanin1521uponreachingHomonhononthefeastofSt.LazarusofBethany. IslandsoftheWest,aformername:fromtheSpanishnameLasislasdePoniente,adoptedinordertoasserttheirownershipbySpainunderthetermsoftheTreatyofTordesillas;thePortuguese,who(correctly,asithappens)felttheislandsfellwithintheirsphere,insteadcalledthemIlhasdooriente("IslandsoftheEast").Astheproblemoflongitudehadnotbeensolved,andastheislandshadnospicetoattractconflict,LópezdeLegazpisuccessfullycolonizedtheislandsforPhilipIIin1565. Katagalugan,analternatename:"Landoftheriverdwellers",usedbytheKatipunan,[clarificationneeded][citationneeded]originallyinreferencetotheTagalog-speakingareasonly. Poland[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofPolandandNameofPoland "LandofPolans",theterritoryofthetribeofPolans(Polanie).WhenthePolansformedaunitedPolandinthe10thcentury,thisnamealsocameintouseforthewholePolishcountry.Thename"Poland"(Polska)expressedbothmeaningsuntil,inthe13th/14thcentury,theoriginalterritoryofthePolansbecameknownasGreaterPoland(Wielkopolska)instead.ThenameofthetribecomesprobablyfromPolishpole:"field"or"openfield". Lengyelország(Hungarian),Lenkija(Lithuanian),لهستانLahestân(Persian)allderivefromtheOldRuthenianorOldPolishethnonymlęděnin(possibly"manploughingvirginsoil")anditsaugmentativelęch. Portugal[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofPortugal FrommedievalRomancePortucale,fromLatinPortusCale(modernPortoandGaia).PortusistheLatinfor"port",butthemeaningofCaleisdebated.SomederiveitfromtheGreekkallis(καλλἰς,"beautiful")ortheLatincalēre("toheat").ItlikelywasrelatedtotheGallaeci,aCelticpeoplewholivednearbynorthoftheDouroRiverinpre-Romantimes.Theetymologyoftheirnameisalsounknown,butmayhavebeenrelatedtothedivinehagCailleach. Lusitania(ancientpredecessorandliteraryvariant):aftertheLusitanians,probablyofCelticorigin,asLusandTanus,"tribeofLusus". Q[edit] Qatar[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofQatar DerivesfromQatara,believedtorefertotheQataritownofZubara,animportanttradingportandtownintheregioninancienttimes.Theword"Qatara"firstappearedonPtolemy'smapoftheArabworld.Intheearly20thcentury,EnglishspeakersoftenpronouncedQataras"Cutter",closetothelocalpronunciationinQatar.However,thetraditionalEnglishpronunciation("Kuh-tahr")hasprevailed. R[edit] Romania[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofRomaniaandNameofRomania "RomanRealm".TheRomanEmpireconqueredalargepartofthecountry,andtheinhabitantsbecameRomanized(Romanians).OldervariantsofthenameincludeRumaniaand(inaFrench-influencedspelling)Roumania.Thetermromân(theethnicgroupofRomanians)comesfromtheLatintermromanus,whichmeansRoman,sothenameRomaniawasadoptedtoaccentuatetheLatinoriginofRomanianpeopleandlanguage.ThetermwasfirstusedduringtheleadershipofCarolI,whose1866constitutiondeclaredRomaniathecountry'sofficialname. Dacia,oldernameandLatinvariant:namedaftertheancientpeopletheDacians. Wallachia,SlavicandGermanicnameforthecountry,fromtheGothicwordforCelts:walh.LateralsousedfortheRomanizedtribes.ThisGermanicformderivesfromthenameoftheCeltictribeofVolcae.ComparewiththeetymologiesofWalesandWallonia. Russia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofRussiaandRus(name) EnglishandRussian:fromRosiaorRossiya,fromtheByzantineGreekRōsía(Ρωσία),meaning"LandoftheRōs"(Ρως).[300]GenerallyagreedtobefromaVarangiangroupknownastheRus',namedaftertheRoslagenregioninSweden,ultimatelyfromOldNorserods-,"row"or"rower".WithinRussia,SovietscholarshipdepreciatedKievanRus'sScandinavianorigininfavorofSlavicones,offeringavarietyofotherpseudoetymologies.SeealsoSwedenbelow. Latvian:Krievija,namedaftertheancientKrivichstribe,relatedtothemodernBelarusians. VeneorVenemaa(Estonian)andVenäjä(Finnish):aftertheancientVenedes. Rwanda[edit] "Largeorbig",fromtheKinyarwandakwanda("expand"),[301]aseventuallyappliedtotheTutsiNyiginyamwamisdescendedfromRuganzuNdori[302]orthespeakersofKinyarwanda.Rwandameansabigcountry.HistoricallyRwandaexpandedfromGasabo(atinylocalitynearLakeMuhazi)totheentireterritoryasitwasknownbeforetheBerlinconference.Rwanda'szoneofinfluenceexpandedtosouthernpartsofUganda,westernpartsofTanzaniaandeasternpartoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo(DRC). S[edit] SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSahrawi AftertheSahrawipeople.TheirterritoryisdisputedwithMorocco,whoclaimtheregionastheirWesternSaharaterritory. WesternSahara,thenameoftheterritoryitclaims:Afteritsgeographicposition."Sahara"derivesfromtheArabicaṣ-Ṣaḥrā'(الصحراء‎),meaning"desert". SpanishSahara,aformername:fromitspreviousoccupationbySpain. SaintKittsandNevis[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSaintKittsandNevis St.KittstookitsnameinhonourofSaintChristopher,thepatronsaintoftravelling.ChristopherColumbusprobablynamedtheislandforSaintChristopher,thoughthisremainsuncertain.BritishsailorslatershortenedthenametoSt.Kitts. NevisderivesfromtheSpanishphraseNuestraSeñoradelasNieves,whichmeans"OurLadyoftheSnows",afterthepermanenthaloofwhitecloudsthatsurroundedmountainsontheisland. SaintLucia[edit] "SaintLucy"inLatin,fortheshipwreckupontheislandofFrenchsailorsonSt.Lucy'sDay,13December1502. SaintVincentandtheGrenadines[edit] SaintVincent:bestowedbyChristopherColumbusfortheirdiscoveryonSt.Vincent'sDay,22January1498. TheGrenadines:FromtheSpanishcityofGranada.(SeeGrenada) Samoa[edit] "HolyCenter",fromacompoundoftheSamoansa("sacred")andmoa("center").[citationneeded] ThenameisalternativelyderivedfromalocalchieftainnamedSamoa[citationneeded]oranindigenouswordmeaning"placeofthemoa",anow-extinctbird.[citationneeded] SanMarino[edit] "SaintMarinus"inItalian,forthe(possiblylegendary)stonemasonwhofledtothearea'sMountTitanoaroundAD301or305fromhishomeontheislandofArbeinmodern-dayCroatiatoordertoescapeRomanpersecution. SãoToméandPríncipe[edit] SãoTomé:"SaintThomas"inPortuguese,foritsdiscoveryonSt.ThomasDay,21December1470or1471. Príncipe:"Prince"inPortuguese,fromshorteningitsoriginalnameIlhadoPrincipe("IsleofthePrince")inreferencetothePrinceofPortugaltowhomdutiesontheisland'ssugarcropwerepaid.[citationneeded] SaudiArabia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSaudiArabia,EtymologyofArabia,andEtymologyofArab "ArabiaoftheSauds",inreferencetotherulingdynasty.ThedynastyitselftakesitsnamefromitspatriarchSaud(Arabic:Sa`ûd),whosenamemeans"constellation".ArabiaitselffromtheLatinname,ofuncertainthoughprobablySemiticetymology,althoughasearlyasAncientEgypttheregionwasknownasArRabi.[303] KingdomofScotland[edit] SeeListofetymologiesofcountrysubdivisionnames:Scotland "LandoftheScots",fromtheLatin"Scoti"asrecordedbytheRomanstorefertotheGaelsofthenIrelandandwesternScotland,thelaterofwhichwerelaterconqueredbybutthenassimilatedthePictstoformthemedievalKingdom.TheuseofScot-torefertoGaelsofIrelandgraduallystopped. AlbainScottishGaelic,andisprobablyofPictishorigin,beingacognatewithAlbion,theoldCelticnameforBritain. Senegal[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSenegal FromtheSenegalriver.AfteraPortuguesevariantofthenameoftheBerberZenaga(ArabicSenhaja)tribe,whichdominatedmuchoftheareatothenorthofmodernSenegal,i.e.present-dayMauritania. Serbia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSerbiaandNamesoftheSerbsandSerbia Theexactoriginofthenameisuncertain(seeNamesoftheSerbsandSerbia).ThenameoftheSorbsinpresent-dayGermanyhasthesameorigin. SerbiaandMontenegro[edit] Self-descriptive,fromitstwoconstituentstates.Fortheetymologyofeach,seeMontenegroandSerbiaabove. Seychelles[edit] NamedafterJeanMoreaudeSéchelles,FinanceMinistertoKingLouisXVofFrancefrom1754to1756. SierraLeone[edit] "LionMountains".AdaptedfromSierraLeona,theSpanishversionofthePortugueseSerraLeoa.ThePortugueseexplorerPedrodeSintranamedthecountryafterthestrikingmountainsthathesawin1462whilesailingtheWestAfricancoast.Itremainsunclearwhatexactlymadethemountainslooklikelions.Threemainexplanationsexist:thatthemountainsresembledtheteethofalion,thattheylookedlikesleepinglions,orthatthunderwhichbrokeoutaroundthemountainssoundedlikealion'sroar. Singapore[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSingaporeandNamesofSingapore "LionCity",fromSingapura(inMalay)derivesfromSanskritwordsimhapura(Sanskrit:सिंहपुर).SingaporeistheanglicizedformoftheMalayname,whichisstillinusetoday,[304]alongwithvariantsinChineseandTamil.Thelion,orwhatbecamethelegendaryMerlion,usuallydepictsSangNilaUtama'sdiscoveryoftheislandTemasek,fromMalayorJavaneseroottasik,meaninglake.[305] Slovakia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSlav SeealsoCzechoslovakiaabove. FromtheSlavic"Slavs".TheoriginofthewordSlavitselfremainsuncertain. Slovenia[edit] Mainarticle:Slavicpeoples§ OriginofthetermSlav "LandoftheSlavs"inSloveneandotherSouthSlaviclanguages.TheetymologyofSlavitselfremainsuncertain.Someetymologistsbelievethatthepart-venreferstotheancientGermanictribesoftheVenetiiwhosupposedlyalsogavetheirnametothecityofVenice.[citationneeded] SolomonIslands[edit] NamedfortheBiblicalKingSolomonbytheSpanishexplorerAlvarodeMendañayNeyrain1567or1568.ThenamewasbestowedafterthelegendarywealthofKingSolomon'smines,whichMendañayNeyrahopedtofind.[citationneeded] Somalia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSomalia "LandoftheSomali",anethnicgroup.Somaliitselfisofuncertainetymology,althoughsomehaveproposedaderivationfromsacmaal("cattleherders")oralegendarypatriarchnamedSamaale. SouthAfrica[edit] Mainarticle:Listofcontinent-nameetymologies Self-descriptive,fromitslocationinAfrica.FortheetymologyofAfrica,seelistofcontinent-nameetymologies. Suid-Afrika,alocalendonym:"SouthAfrica"inAfrikaans Azania(alternativename):someopponentsofthewhite-minorityruleofthecountryusedthenameAzaniainplaceof"SouthAfrica".Theoriginofthisnameremainsuncertain,butthenamehasreferredtovariouspartsofsub-SaharanEast-Africa.Recently,twosuggestionsfortheoriginofthewordhaveemerged.ThefirstcitestheArabic'ajam("foreigner,non-Arab").ThesecondreferencestheGreekverbazainein("todry,parch"),whichfitstheidentificationofAzaniawitharidsub-SaharanAfrica. Mzansi,analternativeendonym:apopular,widespreadnicknameamonglocals,usedofteninparlancebutneverofficiallyadopted.(uMzantsiinisiXhosameans"south".) SouthKorea[edit] Self-descriptive,fromitslocationinthesouthernportionoftheKoreanPeninsula.FortheetymologyofKorea,seeKoreaabove. SouthSudan[edit] Self-descriptive,fromitsformerpositionwithinSudanbeforeindependencein2011.FortheetymologyofSudan,seeSudanbelow. Spain[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSpain "IslandofHyraxes",fromNormanFrenchSpagne,fromtheLatinHispania,fromthePunicʾÎ-šəpānîm(אישפנים),probablyfrommistakingrabbitsfortheAfricanhyrax. SriLanka[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSriLankaandNamesofSriLanka "HolyIsland",fromSanskritSri(श्री,"holy","resplendent")andLanka(लंका,"island")."Lanka"wasalsothenameofthecapitalofKingRavanainthesanskritepicRamayana. Ceylon,aformername:FromCeilão(Portuguese),Seilan(formernames),fromthePaliशिन्हलSinhalanameaning"landofthelions". Helanka,itsnameinSinhala:"LankaofHela's","Heladiva"(Sinhala)meaningthe"IslandofHela's",sinceoriginalnativesoftheislandwascalled"Hela". Serendip,aformername:derivedfromthesihalan-dip,meaning"theislandofsihala'sororiginally"Hela's"Orfrom"swaran-dip",meaning"goldenisland". Taproben,aformername:changedfromdip-Raawan,meaning"theislandofKingRawana" Sudan[edit] "LandoftheBlackpeople",fromtheArabicbiladas-sudan(بلادالسودان‎),whichoriginally[citationneeded]referredtomostoftheSahelregion. Suriname[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofSuriname AftertheSurinenpeople,theearliestknownnativeAmericaninhabitantsoftheregion. Swaziland[edit] SeeEswatiniabove. Sweden[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSwedenandNameofSweden "Swedes",anoldEnglishpluralformofSwede.[citationneeded]FromtheOldEnglishSweoðeod,theOldNorseSviþjoð.Theetymologyofthefirstelement,Svi,linkstothePIE*suos("one'sown","ofone'sownkin").Thelastelement,þjoð,means"people",cognatewithdeutinDeutschandteutinTeutons. Sverige,alocalendonym:"SwedishRealm"(modernSwedish:SveaRike). Rootsi(Estonian)andRuotsi(Finnish):namedaftertheRoslagenregioninSweden,ultimatelyfromOldNorserods-,"row"or"rower".SeealsoRussiaabove. Switzerland[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSwitzerlandandNameofSwitzerland FromthetoponymSchwyzfirstattestedAD972asSuittes,derivedfromanAlemannicpropernameSuito. Helvetia,aformerandpoeticname:FromtheLatin,afteraCelticpeopleknowntotheRomansastheHelvetii. Syria[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofSyriaandNameofSyria Meaningunknown.FromtheAncientGreekSyria(Συρία).Probablyrelatedtosyriac.Syriacpeopledescendfrombigold"Syria"whichinvolvedmodernSyria,Lebanon,southofmodernTurkeyandnorthofcurrentIraq. NottobeconfusedwithAssyria(Assyrians:Arabic:"ashouriyin"آشوريين/Syriac:Arabic:"sourian"سريان NottobeconfusedwithSyrians:Arabic"souriyin"سوريينwhichstandsforthepeopleofcurrentSyria T[edit] Taiwan[edit] "Taiwan"istheshorthandcommonnamefortheRepublicofChinasince1949,eventhoughitwasalsoreferredinternationallyinsomecontextsas"China"aslateasthe1970s. Tayowanwasthenameofacoastalsandbank(nowAnpinginthecityofTainan)wheretheDutchEastIndiaCompanybuiltFortZeelandia,theheadquartersoftheircolonyontheisland.[306]Thenamemayhaveoriginallyreferredtoanaboriginaltribeinthearea.ThepresentChinesename(臺灣,pinyin:Táiwān)conveysthemeaning"TerracedBay",butolderversionssuchas臺員haveentirelydifferentmeaningsandsuggestthattheChineseismerelyatranscriptionoftheoldername.[307] Formosa("beautiful"inPortuguese),apoeticandformername. Tajikistan[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofTajikistan "HomeoftheTajiks",aPersian-speakingethnicgroup,withthesuffix-stan.SogdianTājīk(jpronounced/ʒ/)wasthelocalpronunciationofNewPersianTāzī,fromSassanianPersianTāzīg,derivedfromtheTayytribeandmeaning"Arab".TheTajikswereNewPersian–speakingMuslims,althoughnotnecessarilyArabs.[308](Analternateetymology[citationneeded]isviaTibetanTagDzig,meaning"Persian"and"tiger"or"leopard".) Tanzania[edit] "LandofTanganyikaandZanzibar",ablendandsimplificationoftheoriginalname–"UnitedRepublicofTanganyikaandZanzibar"–assumeduponindependencein1964 Tanganiyikawasnamedforitslake,ofuncertainetymology.SirRichardFrancisBurtonderiveditfromthelocaltoutanganyka,"tojoin"inthesense"wherewatersmeet."HenryStanleyderiveditfromtonga("island")andhika("flat"). ZanzibarwasanArabicnamemeaning"BlackCoast"(Arabic:زنجبار‎,Zanjibār,fromPersian:زنگبار‎,Zangibar[309][310]) Thailand[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofThailand "LandoftheThai"(Thai:ไทย),anethnicgroupfromthecentralplains(seeTaipeoples).ThenameTaiitself(ไท)isofuncertainetymology,althoughithasbeenarguedtohaveoriginallymeant"people"or"humanbeing"sincesomeruralareasusethewordinthiswayasopposedtothenormalThaiwordkhon(คน).[311]Amorecommonpseudoetymologyderivesthedemonymfromthewordthai(ไท)meaning"freedom". RatchaAnachakThai(ราชอาณาจักรไทย),endonym,meaning"RoyalDomainofThailand" Siam(สยาม,Sayam),aformername,ofuncertainetymology.OnetheoryholdsitderivesfromthePālitoponymSuvarnabhumi(शुभर्नभुमि,"LandofGold").[citationneeded]Anothertracesit–alongwiththeShanandA-hom–fromSanskritŚyâma(श्याम,"dark").[312] Togo[edit] "Bythewater"[313]or"behindthesea",[314]derivedfromEweto("water")andgo("shore").OriginallyitjustreferredtothetownofTogo(nowTogoville),latertheGermansextendedthenametothewholenation.[314] Tonga[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofTonga "South"or"Southern"inSamoan,inreferencetotheirpositionrelativetoSamoa. FriendlyIslands,aformername,bestowedbyBritishCaptainJamesCookin1773afterthefriendlinessandhospitalityofthepeoplehemetontheislands. TrinidadandTobago[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofTrinidadandTobago Trinidad,fromSpanishLaIsladelaTrinidad("IslandoftheHolyTrinity").ThenamewasbestowedbyChristopherColumbustofulfillavowhehadmadebeforesettingoutonhisthirdvoyage.[315] Tobago,ofuncertainetymology,butprobablyfromthetobaccogrownandsmokedbythenatives. Iere,theformerArawaknameforTrinidadaccordingtohistorianE.L.Joseph,whoderiveditfromierèttêoryerettê,meaning"hummingbird".[citationneeded]OthershaveclaimedtheArawakwordforhummingbirdwastukusiortucuchi[citationneeded]andthatiereorkairisimplymeans"island".[citationneeded] Tunisia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofTunisiaandEtymologyofTunis "LandofTunis",itscapital.[316]Tunis'snamepossiblyderivesfromthePhoeniciangoddessTanith,[317]theancientcityofTynes,[318]ortheBerberens,meaning"toliedown"or"torest".[319] Turkey[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofTurkeyandNameofTurkey "LandoftheTurks",LatinTurciaandArabicTurkiyye,anethnicgroupwhosenamederivesfromtheirendonymTürk("created").Somehistoricaluse: TheGreekcognateofthisname,Tourkia(Greek:Τουρκία)wasusedbytheByzantineemperorandscholarConstantineVIIPorphyrogenitusinhisbookDeAdministrandoImperio;[320][321]thoughinhisuse,"Turks"alwaysreferredtoMagyars.[322] TheOttomanEmpirewassometimesreferredtoasTurkeyortheTurkishEmpireamongitscontemporaries.[323] ThemedievalKhazarEmpire,aTurkicstateonthenorthernshoresoftheBlackandCaspianseas,wasreferredtoasTourkia("landoftheTurks")inByzantinesources.[324] MamlukSultanate(Cairo)isknowninlocallanguageas"SulṭanatMisral-MamālīkDawlaal-Turkiyya" Turkmenistan[edit] "Home(stān)oftheTurkmens",anethnicgroupwhosenamederivesfromtheSogdianTürkmen("Turk-like"),inreferencetotheirstatusoutsidetheTurkicdynasticmythologicalsystem.[325]However,modernscholarssometimesprefertoseethesuffixasanintensifier,changingthemeaningto"pureTurk"or"mostTurk-likeoftheTurks".[326]MuslimchroniclerssuchasIbn-KathiradvocatedapseudoetymologyfromTürkandiman(Arabic:إيمان‎,"faith,belief")inreferencetoamassconversionoftwohundredthousandhouseholdsin971(AH349).[327] Tuvalu[edit] "EightIslands"or"eightstandingwitheachother"inTuvaluan.(Tuvaluconsistsofnineislands,butonlyeightofthemweretraditionallyinhabitedbeforeNiulakitawassettledin1949.) ElliceIslands,aformername,inhonorofEdwardEllice,Sr.,aBritishpoliticianandmerchant,whoownedthecargooftheshipRebeccawhichsightedtheislandsin1819.ThenamewasabandonedfortheendonymTuvaluuponseparationfromtheGilbertIslands(modernKiribati)in1975. U[edit] Uganda[edit] "Buganda"inSwahili,adoptedbytheBritishasthenamefortheircolonyin1894.Bugandawasthekingdomofthe52clansoftheBaganda.Baganda("BrothersandSisters"or"BundlePeople")isitselfshortforBagandaBaKatonda("BrothersandSistersofGod"),areferencetoanindigenouscreationstory. Ukraine[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofUkraineandNameofUkraine "Edge,borderland"fromtheSlavickrajorokraina "Land,country"fromtheSlavickrajorkrajna "Ruthenia" UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics[edit] TranslatedfromtheRussianSoyuzSovietskikhSotsialisticheskikhRespublik(Сою́зСове́тскихСоциалисти́ческихРеспу́блик)adoptedinDecember1922duringthemergeroftheRussianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublic,TranscaucasianSocialistFederativeSovietRepublic,UkrainianSovietSocialistRepublicandByelorussianSovietSocialistRepublic. ThewordSoviet(совет,"council"or"board")referredtotheCommunistplanningcommittees,[citationneeded]itisusedinEnglishuntranslated. SovietUnion,analternatename:Ashortenedformoftheabove(СоветскийСоюз,SovietskySoyuz). UnitedArabEmirates[edit] Self-descriptive,fromtheArabic.ForArabia,seeSaudiArabiaabove."Emirate"from"emir",Arabic. TrucialOman&TrucialStates,formernames:FromOmanaboveanda19th-centurytruce[which?]betweentheUnitedKingdomandthelocalsheikhs. UnitedKingdom[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyoftheUnitedKingdom,NameofBritain,TerminologyoftheBritishIsles,andTerminologyofGreatBritain FortheetymologiesoftheUK'sconstituentcountries,seeListofetymologiesofcountrysubdivisionnames:UnitedKingdom Self-descriptive;short-formnameof"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland",inreferencetotheislandofGreatBritainandthecountryofNorthernIreland.Adoptedin1927fromtherealm'spreviousname,theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland,followingthe1922creationoftheIrishFreeState(present-dayIreland). Albion,apreviousandpoeticname:FromaGreekadaptation(Ἀλβίων)ofapre-RomanCelticnamefortheisland(Seealso"Alba").[citationneeded]ThenamemayrefertothewhitecliffsofDover.[citationneeded] Britain,analternatename:FromLatinBritannia,probablyviaFrench[citationneeded]orWelsh(Prydain),[citationneeded]fromPretani("paintedones"),[citationneeded]probablyinreferencetotheuseofwoadbody-paintandtattoosbyearlyinhabitantsoftheislands,althoughitmayderivefromtheCelticgoddessBrigid.[citationneeded]AtraditionalpseudoetymologymentionedbyGeoffreyofMonmouthtracedthenametotheTrojanexileBrutus. GreatBritain,analternatename:"LargerBritain",fromMediaevalLatinBritanniaMaior,firstrecordedbyGeoffreyofMonmouth,whoemployedittodistinguishtheislandfromBritanniaMinor("LittleBritain"),orBrittanyinmodernFrance.Inclassicaltimes,theGraeco-RomangeographerPtolemyinhisAlmagestalsocalledtheislandmegaleBrettania(greatBritain),contrastingitatthattimetothesmallerislandofIreland,whichhecalledmikraBrettania(littleBritain).[328] KingdomofGreatBritain,aformername:Self-descriptive,employedfollowingtheunionoftheEnglishandScottishcrowns(1707)andpriortotheunionwithIreland(1801). UnitedKingdom,analternatename:ashortenedformoftherealm'sofficialnamesaboveandbelow,althoughnotethat"unitedkingdom"wasusedasadescriptionbutnotthenameofthekingdomformedbylegallyjoiningtheKingdomsofEnglandandScotlandpreviouslyheldinpersonalunionbytheHouseofStuart.[329] UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland,apreviousname:Adoptedin1801fromthepreviousnamesofthetwokingdoms,GreatBritainandIreland,followingBritishandIrishlegislationconvertingthepersonalunionoftheBritishandIrishcrownsintoasinglesovereignstate.Thenamewasemendedtoitspresentformin1927,fiveyearsafterthecreationoftheIrishFreeState(present-dayIreland). UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyoftheUnitedStates Seealso:ListofU.S.statenameetymologiesandListsofU.S.countynameetymologies Self-descriptive,althoughnotethat–similartotheoriginal"unitedKingdomofGreatBritain"above–theU.S.DeclarationofIndependencedescribedthenewnationasthe(lower-case)"unitedStatesofAmerica".TheadjectivehadbecomeapartofthenamebythetimeoftheadoptionoftheUnitedStatesConstitution,however,whosepreambledescribesthe"UnitedStates".Similarly,thegrammaticalnumberofthenamehaschangedovertime:commonusagebeforetheAmericanCivilWarwastoreference"theseUnitedStates"[citationneeded]whereasmodernusagehas"theUnitedStates". UnitedStatesofAmerica,thefullname:Asabove.FortheetymologyofAmerica,seelistofcontinentnameetymologies. Uruguay[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofUruguay "LandbesidetheUruguayRiver",ashortenedformoftheSpanishRepublicaOrientaldelUruguay("EasternRepublicofUruguay").ThewordUruguayitselfderivesfromGuaraní,althoughtheprecisemeaningisunknown.Somederiveitfromurugua("shellfish")andi("water"),othersfromuru(akindofbirdintheregion),gua("proceedfrom"),andi. Uzbekistan[edit] "HomeoftheFree",fromanamalgamationofuz(Turkic:"self"),bek(Turkic:"master","beyinmodernTurkish"),and-stan(Persian:"landof"). V[edit] Vanuatu[edit] "OurLand",inBislama NewHebrides,aformername:bestowedbytheBritishcaptainJamesCookin1774inhonoroftheHebridesinScotland VaticanCity[edit] "CityonVaticanHill",translatedfromtheItalianCittàdelVaticanoandLatinCivitasVaticana,fromthesiteoftheterritoryremainingtothestateafterthemid-19th-centuryUnificationofItalyanduponits1929reestablishment.ThenameofthehillitselfcamefromtheLatinMonsVaticanus,fromthenameofthesurroundinglandsagervaticanus,fromtheverbvaticinari("toprophesy"),inreferencetothefortune-tellersandsoothsayerswhousedthestreetsintheareaduringRomantimes. PapalStates,aformername:looselytranslatedfromtheItalianStatiPontificiandLatinStatusPontificius("PontificalStates").Thenameisusuallypluralbothtodenoteitsvariousholdings–theformerDuchiesofRomeandPontecorvo,theformerPrincipalityofBenevento,theMarchofAncona,Bologna,Romagna,andtheCampagneandMaritimeProvincecontinuedtobeadministeredseparatelydespiteformingaunifiedstate–andtodistinguishthisrealmfromthecurrentcountry."Papal"fromLatinpapa("father"),borrowedbytheBishopofRomefromthePopeofAlexandriatodenotehisleadershipoverthechurch."State"distinguishedthisrealmanditsadministrationfromthechurchandpapacy'slandsinotherrealmsandfromtheadministrationofthechurchitself. PontificalStates,aformername:alesscommonbutmoreprecisevariationoftheabove.Thetitle"pontiff",fromLatinpontifex,wascarriedoverfromtheRomans'pontifexmaximus,ahighpriestwhosenameisgenerallyunderstoodtomean"bridge-maker"(pons+-fex,"builder","maker",fromfacio,"build","make"). StatesoftheChurch,aformername:translatedfromtheItalianStatidellaChiesa.ThenamewaspluraltodenotethevariousholdingsunitedunderthePapacyanddistinguishitfromthemodernstate.ChiesaderivesfromtheLatinecclesia,fromtheAncientGreekékklēsía(έκκλησία,"church",originally"assembly"),fromekklētos("calledout")fromekkalein(ἐκκαλεῖν,acompoundofek-,"out",andkalein,"call"). Venezuela[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofVenezuela "LittleVenice",fromItalianVenezuola,thediminutiveofVenezia(Italian:"Venice"),forthenativestilt-housesbuiltonLakeMaracaibowhichremindedtheexplorersAlonsodeOjedaandAmerigoVespucciofbuildingsinVenice. Vietnam[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofVietnam,NamesofVietnam,andBaiyue "VietSouth"(Vietnamese:ViệtNam),aninversionofNamViệt(南越),thenameofthe2nd-centuryBCkingdom.[330]Thequalifiernam(south)wasaddedtodistinguishthiskingdomfromotherViet,orYue,kingdoms,suchasMinyue.Theword"Viet"isashortenedformofBáchViệt(Chinese:百越;pinyin:Bǎiyuè),whichinearlyusageappliedtoapeopleinGuangdong.[331]AncienthistorianSimaQianwrotethatWuQiofChuwent"southtosuppresstheBaiYue"in368B.C.[331][332]ThefirstrecordedusageisintheChineseencyclopediaLüshiChunqiu,compiledaround239B.C.[333]AfterVietnamgainedindependencein938,severalvariationsonthewordViet,including"NamViet"and"DaiViet"(GreatViet),wereusedofficially.Thename"Vietnam"isfirstrecordedina16th-centurypoembyNguyenBinhKhiem.[334]Inthe19thandearly20thcenturies,thecountrywasusuallyreferredtoasAnnam("PacifiedSouth",南)."Vietnam"wasrevivedbyPhanBộiChâu'sbookViệtNamvongquốcsử(HistoryoftheLossofVietnam),publishedin1905,andlaterbytheVietQuoc,anationalistpartywhichorganizedtheYenBaimutinyagainsttheFrenchcolonialauthoritiesin1930.[335]In1945,thenamewasadoptedofficiallybybothBaoDai'simperialgovernmentinHueandbyHoChiMinh'sVietMinhgovernmentinHanoi.[335] Y[edit] Yemen[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofYemen Uncertainetymology,mostprobablyfromArabicymn(يمن‎).Someclaim[citationneeded]itcomesfromyamīn(يَمين‎,"right-handside"inthesenseof"south"[336]).Others[citationneeded]thatitcomesfromtheformyumn(يُمْن‎,"happiness")andisrelatedtotheregion'sclassicalnameArabiaFelix. Yugoslavia[edit] Mainarticle:EtymologyofYugoslavia "LandoftheSouthSlavs"inSerbo-CroatianandSlovene,Jugoslavija,inreferencetotheSlavicpeoplessouthofHungaryandRomania. Z[edit] Zambia[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofZambiaandNameofRhodesia "LandoftheZambezi",whichflowsthroughtheeastofthecountryandalsoformsitsborderwithZimbabwe. NorthernRhodesia,aformername:FromthedivisionofRhodesia,Neo-Latinfor"LandofRhodes",theBritishSouthAfricanministerandbusinessmanwhohelpedfoundthecolonythroughhisinvolvementwiththeBritishSouthAfricaCompany. Zimbabwe[edit] Mainarticles:EtymologyofZimbabweandNameofRhodesia "HouseofStones",Dzimba-dze-mabweinShona,[citationneeded]inreferencetoGreatZimbabwe. RhodesiaandSouthernRhodesia,formernames:seeZambiaabove.ThecountrywasalsobrieflyknownasZimbabweRhodesiabetween1979and1980. Seealso[edit] Listofetymologiesofcountrysubdivisionnames Listofcontinentnameetymologies Listofpoliticalentitiesnamedafterpeople Listofcountriesnamedafterpeople Listsofetymologies Listofdoubleplacenames Toponymy Etymology Furtherreading[edit] Room,Adrian.PlacenamesoftheWorld,OriginsandMeanings.McFarlandandCompany,Inc,Publishers,1997.ISBN 0-7864-0172-9 References[edit] Constructssuchasibid.,loc.cit.andidemarediscouragedbyWikipedia'sstyleguideforfootnotes,astheyareeasilybroken.Pleaseimprovethisarticlebyreplacingthemwithnamedreferences(quickguide),oranabbreviatedtitle.(April2017)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ^"ThenameAfghanhasevidentlybeenderivedfromAsvakan,theAssakenoiofArrian..."(MegasthenesandArrian,p180.Seealso:Alexander'sInvasionofIndia,p38;J.W.McCrindle). ^"EventhenameAfghanisAryanbeingderivedfromAsvakayana,animportantclanoftheAsvakasorhorsemenwhomusthavederivedthistitlefromtheirhandlingofcelebratedbreedsofhorses"(See:ImprintsofIndianThoughtandCultureabroad,p124,VivekanandaKendraPrakashan). ^cf:"Theirname(Afghan)means"cavalier"beingderivedfromtheSanskrit,Asva,orAsvaka,ahorse,andshowsthattheircountrymusthavebeennotedinancienttimes,asitisatthepresentday,foritssuperiorbreedofhorses.AsvakawasanimportanttribesettlednorthtoKabulriver,whichofferedagallantresistancebutineffectualresistancetothearmsofAlexander"(Ref:ScottishGeographicalMagazine,1999,p275,RoyalScottishGeographicalSociety). ^"AfghansareAssakanioftheGreeks;thiswordbeingtheSanskritAshvakameaning'horsemen'"(Ref:Sva,1915,p113,ChristopherMolesworthBirdwood). ^Cf:"ThenamerepresentsSanskritAsvakainthesenseofacavalier,andthisreappearsscarcelymodifiedintheAssakaniorAssakeniofthehistoriansoftheexpeditionofAlexander"(Hobson-Jobson:AGlossaryofColloquialAnglo-Indianwordsandphrases,andofkindredterms,etymological..byHenryYule,ADBurnell). ^Majumdar,RameshChandra(1977)[1952].AncientIndia(Reprinted ed.).MotilalBanarsidass.p. 99.ISBN 978-8-12080-436-4. ^Ch.M.Kieffer(15December1983)."Afghan".EncyclopædiaIranica(online ed.).ColumbiaUniversity.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16November2013. ^Vogelsang,Willem(2002).TheAfghans.WileyBlackwell.p. 18.ISBN 0-631-19841-5.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9July2019.Retrieved6July2019. ^Barfield2012,p. 159.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFBarfield2012(help) ^ConstitutionofAfghanistan ^Dames.,M.Longworth."Kābul"inEncyclopediaofIslam,Vol.4,pp.594ff.E.J.Brill(Leiden). ^Cunningham,Alexander.TheAncientGeographyofIndia,p.37.Trübner&Co.(London),1871.Retrieved24September2011. ^Ptolemy,Claudius.Geographica,6.18.3. ^Ptolemy,Claudius.Geographica,6.18.4. ^"Kabul:Cityoflostglories".BBC.12November2001.Retrieved14May2015. ^"Kabul:Cityoflostglories".BBCNews.12November2001.Retrieved18September2010. ^abAttaliates,Michael.History.Op.cit.inElsei,Robert.TheAlbanianLexiconofDionVonKirkman,pp.113–122. ^Op.cit.inWilkes,J.J.TheIllyrians,p.279.1992.ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9. ^Madrugearu,A.&Gordon,M.ThewarsoftheBalkanPeninsula,p.146.Rowman&Littlefield,2007. ^RichardTalbert,BarringtonAtlasoftheGreekandRomanWorld,(ISBN 0-691-03169-X),Map49&notes. ^abOnlineEtymologyDictionary."Albania". ^AkademiaeShkencaveeRPSH.InstitutiGjuhësisëdheiLetersisë(1982)."Studimefilologjike".StudimeFilologjike(inAlbanian).Tirana(36):44. ^KristoFrasheri.HistoryofAlbania(ABriefOverview).Tirana,1964. ^Lloshi,Xhevat."TheAlbanianLanguage"(PDF).UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on9July2011.Retrieved9November2010. ^Scheiner,Virgile."LepaysoccupéparlesFrançaisdanslenorddel'Afriquesera,àl'avenir,désignésouslenomd'Algérie."14October1839.(inFrench) ^Leschi,Louis.OriginsofAlgiers.1941.Op.cit.inElDjezairSheets.July1941.Op.cit.in"HistoryofAlgeria".(inFrench) ^al-Idrisi. ^Yaqutal-Hamawi. ^Yver.,G."Alger".E.J.Brill'sFirstEncyclopaediaofIslam1913–1936,Vol.I.E.J.Brill(Leiden),1987. ^Pulleyn,William(1840).TheEtymologicalCompendium:Or,PortfolioofOriginsandInventions.W.Tegg.,p.5. ^Walker,J.&C."North-AfricaorBarbaryII.Algier."Baldwin&Cradock(London),1834. ^Gaston,L.L.(1912).Andorra,theHiddenRepublic:ItsOriginandInstitutions,andtheRecordofaJourneyThither.NewYork,USA:McBridge,Nast&Co.p. 9. ^OnlineEtymologyDictionary."Andorra."Accessed16September2011. ^Freedman,Paul(1999).ImagesoftheMedievalPeasant.CA,USA:StanfordUniversityPress.p. 189.ISBN 9780804733731. ^Heywood,LindaM.&Thornton,JohnK.CentralAfricans,AtlanticCreoles,andthefoundationoftheAmericas,1585–1660,p.82.CambridgeUniversityPress,2007. ^Fage,J.D.TheCambridgeHistoryofAfrica,Vol.3:TheCambridgeHistoryofAfrica:Fromc.1050toc.1600.CambridgeUniversityPress,1977.ISBN 0-521-20981-1.Retrieved23September2011. ^Collins,RobertO.&Burns,JamesM.AHistoryofSub-SaharanAfrica,p.153.CambridgeUniversityPress,2007.ISBN 0-521-86746-0.Retrieved23September2011. ^abOliver,VereLangford.TheHistoryoftheIslandofAntigua,OneoftheLeewardCaribbeesintheWestIndies,fromtheFirstSettlementin1635tothePresentTime.MitchellandHughes(London),1894. ^Murphy,A.Reg.ArchaeologyAntigua."TimelineArchived4September2011attheWaybackMachine."Accessed23September2011 ^Kessler,HerbertL.&Nirenberg,David.JudaismandChristianArt:AestheticAnxietiesfromtheCatacombstoColonialism.UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,2011.Retrieved23September2011. ^Wheatcroft,Geoffrey."Oh,toBeinAntigua:ThisCaribbeanIslandMakesanEnglishmanFeelRightatHome."TheAtlanticMonthly,Vol.274,October1994. ^Frank,Mackenzie.Barbudaful."HistoricalNotesArchived17January2014attheWaybackMachine".Retrieved23September2011. 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^CalendariumRomanum,p.100.LibreriaEditriceVaticana,1969.(inLatin) ^Meinig,D.W.TheShapingofAmerica:aGeographicPerspectiveon500YearsofHistory.Vol.I—AtlanticAmerica,1492–1800.YaleUniversityPress(NewHaven),1986.ISBN 0-300-03882-8. ^abMcIntosh,GregoryC(2000).ThePiriReismapof1513.1513.UniversityofGeorgiaPress.p. 88.ISBN 978-0-8203-2157-8. ^ShabakaStone.8thcenturyBC. ^PresidentialPublicRelationsDepartment(DepartamentodeRelacionesPúblicasCasaPresidencial).ElSalvador1974–1975,p.11.(SanSalvador).(inSpanish) ^SanSalvador.Officialwebsite.HistoriaoficialdelaciudaddeSanSalvador.(inSpanish) ^Munro-Hay,Stuart.Aksum:ACivilizationofLateAntiquity,p.19.EdinburghUniv.Press,1991. ^Uhlig,Siegbert,ed.EncyclopaediaAethiopica,Vol.D-Ha,pp.948ff.HarrassowitzVerlag(Wiesbaden),2005. ^Thompson,Basil."TheLandofOurOrigin(Viti,orFiji)".JournalofthePolynesianSociety,Vol.1,No.3,pp.143–146.1892 ^GovernmentofFiji."FijiToday,2005–2006"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on3April2007.:"EuropeansinFiji". 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^Yeremyan,SurenT."Իբերիա"("Iberia").SovietArmenianEncyclopedia,Vol.IV,p.306.ArmenianAcademyofSciences(Yerevan),1978.(inArmenian) ^abcSchulze,Hagen(1998).Germany:ANewHistory.HarvardUniversityPress.pp. 4ff.ISBN 0-674-80688-3. ^abOxfordEnglishDictionary."Germany". ^Lloyd,AlbertL.;Lühr,Rosemarie;Springer,Otto(1998).EtymologischesWörterbuchdesAlthochdeutschen,BandII.Göttingen:Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht.pp. 699–704.ISBN 3-525-20768-9..(inGerman) ^Jackson,JohnG.IntroductiontoAfricanCivilizations,p.201.2001. ^Aristotle.Meteorologica,I.xiv. ^"OnlineEtymologyDictionary".Etymonline.com.Retrieved19September2011. ^Strabo.v.4. ^abFox,RobinLane.TravellingHeroesintheEpicAgeofHomer,pp.140ff.2008. ^TheParianmarble."Entry#6". ^R.S.P.Beekes,EtymologicalDictionaryofGreek,Brill,2009,p.285. ^R.S.P.Beekes,EtymologicalDictionaryofGreek,Brill,2009,p.267. ^Homer.Iliad.Book2,ll.681–685. ^Campbell,Lyle.AmericanIndianLanguages:TheHistoricalLinguisticsofNativeAmerica,p.378n.10.OxfordUniversityPress(Oxford),1997. ^abBovill,EdwardWm.TheGoldenTradeoftheMoors:WestAfricanKingdomsintheFourteenthCentury.Weiner(Princeton),1995. ^LeoAfricanus.TheHistoryandDescriptionofAfricaandoftheNotableThingsTherein.Vol.III,822.1526. ^GuineeConakry.info."HistoiredeConakryArchived25June2006attheWaybackMachine".(inFrench) ^OxfordEnglishDictionary."Guyana". ^"ElAlmiranteChristovalColonDescubrelaIslaEspañola,ÿhazeponerunaCruz,etc.–JCBArchiveofEarlyAmericanImages".Lunacommons.org.Retrieved19September2011. ^Zaicz,Gábor,ed.(2006).Etimológiaiszótár-Magyarszavakéstoldalékokeredete(inHungarian).Budapest:TINTAKönyvkiadó.pp. 454–455.ISBN 9637094016.Retrieved4December2020. ^Zaicz,Gábor,ed.(2006).Etimológiaiszótár-Magyarszavakéstoldalékokeredete(inHungarian).Budapest:TINTAKönyvkiadó.p. 529.ISBN 9637094016.Retrieved4December2020. ^HermannPálsson(2007).Landnamabok(reprint ed.).Univ.ofManitobaPress.p. 18.ISBN 978-0-88755-370-7.Thespringwasanextremelycoldone.Flokiclimbedacertainhighmountain,andnorthacrossthemountainrangehecouldseeafjordfullofdriftice.That'swhytheycalledthecountryIceland,andsoit'sbeencalledeversince. ^EinarPálsson(1981).ArfurKelta(inIcelandic).Reykjavík:Mímir.p. 36. ^ThewordHindu(हिन्दु)enteredSanskritfromPersianinearlymedievaltimesandisattested–inthesenseofdwellersoftheIndiansubcontinent–insometexts,suchasBhavishyaPurāna,KālikāPurāna,Merutantra,Rāmakosha,HemantakavikoshaandAdbhutarūpakosha. ^MacKenzie,DavidNiel(1998)."Ērān,Ērānšahr".EncyclopediaIranica.8.CostaMesa:Mazda.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13March2017.Retrieved3September2019.[verificationneeded] ^OnlineEtymologyDictionary."Kenya."Accessed10September2011. ^Singto –DedicatedtoThaiBoxing,andallthingsThai ^Itano,Nicole(2007).NoPlaceLefttoBurytheDead.SimonandSchuster.p. 314.ISBN 978-0-7432-7095-3. 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^NationalUniversityofMongolia,SchoolofSocialSciences,DepartmentofHistory(1999)."2.Хүнийүүсэл,Монголчуудынүүсэлгарвал"[2.OriginsofHumanity;OriginsoftheMongols].Монголулсынтүүх[HistoryofMongolia](inMongolian).Admon.pp. 67–69.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^Г.Сүхбаатар(1992)."МонголНирунулс"[MongolNirun(Rouran)state].Монголынэртнийтүүхсудлал,IIIботь[HistoriographyofAncientMongolia,VolumeIII](inMongolian).3.pp. 330–550. ^abSvantesson,Jan-Olov&al.ThePhonologyofMongolian,pp.103–105.OxfordUniv.Press(Oxford),2005. ^Pulleyblank,EdwinGeorge.LexiconofReconstructedPronunciationinEarlyMiddleChinese,LateMiddleChinese,andEarlyMandarin.UBCPress,1991.ISBN 0-7748-0366-5. ^Baxter,Wm.H.&Sagart,Laurent."Baxter–SagartOldChineseReconstruction".Archivedfromtheoriginalon25April2012. (1.93 MB).2011.Retrieved11October2011. ^see:OnlineEtymologyDictionaryonNetherHowever,theexplanationgiveninthissourceabouttheoriginofthewordNederlandenasused"bytheAustrians"incontradistinctiontotheirownmountainouscountry,isextremelyimplausible,ifonlybecausetheuseofthewordantedatestheAustrianNetherlandsbytwocenturiesatleast.AustriaitselfhasaNiederösterreichregion(LowerAustria)thatisquitemountainous,butderivesitsnamefromitsdownriverlocation. ^Duke,A.(2009).DissidentidentitiesintheearlymodernLowCountries.AshgatePublishing. ^OnlineEtymologyDictionary."Holland". ^AtlasA-Z.NewYorkCity:DorlingKindersley.2004.p. 289. ^Μακεδονία,HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek–EnglishLexicon,onPerseus ^Macedonia,OnlineEtymologyDictionary ^μακεδνός,HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek–EnglishLexicon,onPerseus ^μάκρος,HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek–EnglishLexicon,onPerseus ^Macedonia,OnlineEtymologyDictionary ^PlinytheElder.NaturalHistory,VI.149. ^Ptolemy,Claudius.Geography.VI.7.36. ^abEncyclopediaofIslam."Oman".E.J.Brill(Leiden),1913. ^TarikhfiUman[OmaninHistory]. ^ChoudharyRahmatAli(28January1933)."Nowornever:Arewetoliveorperishforever?".ColumbiaUniversity.Retrieved4December2007. ^ChoudharyRahmatAli(28January1933)."NoworNever.Arewetoliveorperishforever?".Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^S.M.Ikram(1January1995).IndianMuslimsandpartitionofIndia.AtlanticPublishers&Dist.pp. 177–.ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6.Retrieved23December2011. ^RahmatAli."RahmatAli ::NoworNever".ThePakistanNationalMovement.p. 2.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2011.Retrieved14April2011. ^RodericH.Davidson(1960)."WhereistheMiddleEast?".ForeignAffairs.38(4):665–675.doi:10.2307/20029452.JSTOR 20029452.S2CID 157454140. ^BelauNationalMuseum,citedbyPelnar,Bonnie."TheBaisofBalau".Retrieved22September2011. ^OnlineEtymologyDictionary(Palestine) ^Liddell,HenryGeorge&al."Φίλιππος" ^TheHistoryofSong. ^ZhaoRugua.蕃[ZhūFānZhì,AnAccountoftheVariousBarbarians]. ^abPatanne,E.P.(1996).ThePhilippinesinthe6thto16thCenturies.SanJuan:LSAPress.ISBN 971-91666-0-6. ^WangZhenping(2008)."ReadingSong-MingRecordsonthePre-colonialHistoryofthePhilippines"(PDF).JournalofEastAsianCulturalInteractionStudies.1:249–260.ISSN 1882-7756. ^Scott,WilliamHenry.(1984)."SocietiesinPrehispanicPhilippines".PrehispanicSourceMaterialsfortheStudyofPhilippineHistory.QuezonCity:NewDayPublishers.p. 70.ISBN 971-10-0226-4. ^Go,BonJuan(2005)."Ma'IinChineseRecords–MindoroorBai?AnExaminationofaHistoricalPuzzle".PhilippineStudies.AteneodeManila.53(1):119–138.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21October2013. ^Nicholl,Robert."BruneiRediscovered".BruneiMuseumJournal,Vol.4(1980). ^Milner-Gulland,R.R.(1997).TheRussians:ThePeopleofEurope.BlackwellPublishing.pp. 1–4.ISBN 978-0-631-21849-4. ^Vansina,JanAntecedentstoModernRwanda:theNyiginyaKingdom,p.35.UniversityofWisconsinPress,2004.ISBN 0-299-20124-4.Retrieved1October2011. ^Vansina,JanAntecedentstoModernRwanda:theNyiginyaKingdom,p.44.UniversityofWisconsinPress,2004.ISBN 0-299-20124-4.Retrieved1October2011. ^Budge.AnAncientEgyptianHieroglyphicDictionary,Vol.II. ^"MerlionPark".Retrieved4December2015. ^"SentosaMerlion".Sentosa.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9October2015.Retrieved4December2015. ^Valentijn,François(1903)[Firstpublished1724inOudenNieuwOost-Indiën]."HistoryoftheDutchTrade".InCampbell,William(ed.).FormosaundertheDutch:describedfromcontemporaryrecords,withexplanatorynotesandabibliographyoftheisland.London:KeganPaul.p. 52.LCCN 04007338quotingPieterNuyts(February10,1629).CS1maint:postscript(link) ^Mair,VictorH.(2003)."HowtoForgetYourMotherTongueandRememberYourNationalLanguage". ^Ostler,Nicholas(2010).TheLastLinguaFranca.p. 89.ISBN 978-0-8027-1771-9. ^MacKenzie,D.N.(2005).AconcisePahlaviDictionary.London&NewYork:RoutledgeCurzon.pp. 17&98.ISBN 0-19-713559-5. ^Mo'in,M.(1992).APersianDictionary.SixVolumes.5–6.Tehran:AmirKabirPublications.ISBN 1-56859-031-8. ^จิตรภูมิศักดิ์1976:"ความเป็นมาของคำสยามไทยลาวและขอมและลักษณะทางสังคมของชื่อชนชาติ"(Phumisak,Jid)."TheOriginoftheSiameseWordsforThai,LaotianandKhmerandSocietalCharacteristicsforNation-names."1976. ^Eliot,Charles(1921).TheProjectGutenbergEBookofHinduismandBuddhism,AnHistoricalSketch,Vol.3(of3)[EBook#16847].London:Routledge&KeganPaulLtd.pp. Ch.xxxvii1,citinginturnFootnote189:ThenameisfoundonChampaninscriptionsof1050A.D.andaccordingtoGeriniappearsinPtolemy'sSamarade=Sâmaraṭṭha.SeeGerini,Ptolemy,p.170.ButSamaradeislocatednearBangkokandtherecanhardlyhavebeenTaisthereinPtolemy'stime,andFootnote190:SotooinCentralAsiaKustanaappearstobealearneddistortionofthenameKhotan,madetogiveitameaninginSanskrit. ^PeoplesofAfrica:Togo-Zimbabwe.MarshallCavendish.2001.p. 531.ISBN 978-0-7614-7168-4. ^abDawnay,GuyPayan(1926).TheArmyQuarterly.WilliamClowes&Sons,Ltd.p. 315.IntheEwelanguagethenameTogomeans"BehindtheSea,"anditwasextendedtothewholecountrybytheGermans,owingtothefactthatDr.Nachtigal'sfirsttreatyin1884wasmadewiththeChiefofTogo. ^Hart,Marie.TheNewTrinidadandTobago,p.13.Collins(LondonandGlasgow),1972. ^Room,Adrian(2006).PlacenamesoftheWorld:OriginsandMeaningsoftheNamesfor6,600Countries,Cities,Territories,NaturalFeatures,andHistoricSites.McFarland.p. 385.ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. ^Taylor,Isaac(2008).NamesandTheirHistories:AHandbookofHistoricalGeographyandTopographicalNomenclature.BiblioBazaar,LLC.p. 281.ISBN 978-0-559-29668-0. ^Houtsma,MartijnTheodoor(1987).E.J.Brill'sFirstEncyclopaediaofIslam,1913–1936.Brill.p. 838.ISBN 90-04-08265-4. ^Rossi,PeterM.;White,WayneEdward(1980).ArticlesontheMiddleEast,1947–1971:ACumulationoftheBibliographiesfromtheMiddleEastJournal.PierianPress,UniversityofMichigan.p. 132. ^Jenkins,RomillyJamesHeald(1967).DeAdministrandoImperiobyConstantineVIIPorphyrogenitus.CorpusfontiumhistoriaeByzantinae(New,revised ed.).Washington,D.C.:DumbartonOaksCenterforByzantineStudies.p. 65.ISBN 0-88402-021-5.Retrieved28August2013.AccordingtoConstantinePorphyrogenitus,writinginhisDeAdministrandoImperio(ca.950AD)"Patzinakia,thePechenegrealm,stretcheswestasfarastheSiretRiver(oreventheEasternCarpathianMountains),andisfourdaysdistantfromTourkia(i.e.Hungary)." ^GünterPrinzing;MaciejSalamon(1999).ByzanzundOstmitteleuropa950–1453:Beiträgezueinertable-rondedesXIX.InternationalCongressofByzantineStudies,Copenhagen1996.OttoHarrassowitzVerlag.p. 46.ISBN 978-3-447-04146-1.Retrieved9February2013. ^HenryHoyleHoworth(2008).HistoryoftheMongolsfromthe9thtothe19thCentury:TheSo-calledTartarsofRussiaandCentralAsia.Cosimo,Inc.p. 3.ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4.Retrieved15June2013. ^Imber,Colin."TheOttomanEmpire,1300–1650,TheStructureofPower"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on26July2014.Retrieved9August2014. ^Öztürk,Özhan(2011)."Pontus:AntikÇağ'danGünümüzeKaradeniz'inEtnikveSiyasiTarihi".Ankara:GenesisYayınları.p. 364.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15September2012.... GreektermTourkoifirstusedfortheKhazarsin568AD.Inadditionin"DeAdministrandoImperio"HungarianscallTourkoitooonceknownasSabiroi ... ^Yu.Zuev,"EarlyTürks:Essaysonhistoryandideology",Almaty,Daik-Press,2002,p.157,ISBN 9985-4-4152-9 ^USLibraryofCongressCountryStudies."Turkmenistan." ^IbnKathiral-Bidayawaal-Nihaya.(inArabic) ^ClaudiusPtolemy(1898)."Ἕκθεσιςτῶνκατὰπαράλληλονἰδιωμάτων:κβ',κε'"(PDF).InHeiberg,J.L.(ed.).ClaudiiPtolemaeiOperaquaeexstantomnia.vol.1SyntaxisMathematica.Leipzig:inaedibusB.G.Teubneri.pp. 112–113.|volume=hasextratext(help) ^ParliamentofEngland.TheActsofUnion,paragraphsII,III,andIV.1707.Op.cit.Kerney,HughF.TheBritishIsles:AHistoryofFourNations,p.215.2006. ^NhuTrongTrungBonThi."AnIntroductiontoVietologyArchived23July2011attheWaybackMachine",p.3. ^abAllard,Francis,LingnanandChuDuringtheFirstMillenniumBC"inGuangdong:ArchaeologyandEarlyTexts :(Zhou-Tang)],editedbyShingMüller,ThomasO.Höllmann,PutaoGui.ISBN 3447050608.ThequoteisfromSimaQian,Shijij.65. ^IftheBaiyuedidinfactexistpriortothedestructionofYuein338BC,thiswoulddisprovethefolketymologythatconnectsthewordtothisevent. ^TheAnnalsofLüBuwei,translatedbyJohnKnoblockandJeffreyRiegel,StanfordUniversityPress(2000),p.510.ISBN 978-0-8047-3354-0."Forthemostpart,therearenorulerstothesouthoftheYangandHanRivers,intheconfederationoftheHundredYuetribes." ^NguyễnBỉnhKhiêm."SấmTrạngTrình".ViệtNamkhởitổxâynền("Vietnamisbeingcreated") ^abTonnesson,Stein&Antlov,Hans.AsianFormsoftheNation,p.126.Routledge,1996. ^ManySemiticlanguages,includingArabicandHebrew,preserveasystemwithsouthonthe"right"andnorthonthe"left" vteListsofplacenameetymologies(toponymy) Capitalcities Countries Longplacenames(Ireland) Numerical Shortplacenames Placenames FalklandIslands Korea Nepal NewZealand HoChiMinhCity Citynames Canadiancities Philippinecities State,countyandprovincenames Brazilianstates Bulgarianprovinces Canadianprovincesandterritories Indianstateandunionterritories Mexicanstates Philippineprovinces Romaniancounties Russianfederalsubjects UKcounties USstates Doubleplacenames NewZealand Indigenousorigin Americas Muisca,Colombia Australianaboriginal Canadianaboriginal UnitedStatesNativeAmerican Bylanguageoforigin Arabic Aramaic Armenian German Greek Hebrew Irish ScottishGaelic Latin Globalregions Africa Asia Balkans Europe(Britain) ItalyandMalta Rivers Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_country-name_etymologies&oldid=1057860521" 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